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Flashcards

Phonetics

Sabah School Science High School Diploma English 57 cards

Cards in this deck (57)

  1. 1Prescriptivists- prescriptive approach (English teachers, editors...)
    - there is a "wrong" or "right" about language
  2. 2Descriptivists-linguists
    -languages change constantly (everything is equal)
  3. 3Standard Languagea word, phrase, dialect that is considered "good/correct" in a speech community; what is taught
  4. 4Non-standard languagedialect without institutional support
  5. 5Arbitrarinessthe form (what a piece of language looks like- usually the pronunciation or spelling) does not directly correlate with the meaning (it is random-other than onomatopoeia)
  6. 6Linguistic Creativitymany sentences we say have never been uttered before (limitations are physiological)
    -infinite combos
  7. 7Phoneticsan area of linguistics focused on the production of sound across (spoken) languages
  8. 8Orthography-writing system
  9. 9Vocal Foldsair sent through here
  10. 10Glottisgap between the folds
  11. 11Vocal Tract-mouth + nose + throat
    -similar to woodwind instrument
    -source of
    airflow at one end; the sound is shaped/manipulated,
    then it exits
  12. 12Voicing or Phonation-vocal folds + glottis
    -if vocal folds are NOT vibrating, vocal folds are more open= voiceless
    -vibrating + vocal folds close together= voiced
    -vocal folds closed= glottal stop
    -vocal folds open= h sound (no obstruction just air)
  13. 13Place of Articulation-where airflow is being shaped
  14. 14Alveolar Ridgesmall ridge behind upper front teeth
    -tongue touches or goes near it
  15. 15Hard Palatefront hard part of the roof of the mouth
  16. 16Soft Palate (Velum)-soft area towards the rear end of the mouth
  17. 17Manner of Articulation-How airflow is being obstructed/manipulated and to what degree
  18. 18Alveoplatal/postalveolartongue is behind the alveolar ridge
  19. 19Affricatehybrids
    - one sound that opens like a
    stop and ends like a fricative
  20. 20Lateralthe tongue-tip
    touches the alveolar ridge and the air flows around each side of it
  21. 21Retroflexthe tongue tip is bent slightly upwards
  22. 22Plataltongue is next to hard palate
  23. 23Glide-the tongue moves around inside the mouth
    -short oral sonorants
    - often like the ends of vowels
    - /j/ and /w/
  24. 24Labiovelarthe tongue is next to the velum but also the lips are rounded
  25. 25Tap/flaphe tongue-tip touches the alveolar ridge but only very briefly! This is what /t/ and /d/ are between vowel sounds.
  26. 26Obstruents-substantial obstruction of airflow in mouth
    -the oral stops, fricatives, and affricates
  27. 27Sonorants-continuous airflow - shaped but not interrupted
    • nasal stops, liquids (/r/ and /l/), glides (/j/ and /w/)
  28. 28Liquids-oral sonorants that can be whole syllables
    -rhotics (/r/-like consonants) and laterals (/l/)
    - /r/ and /l/
  29. 29Aspiration-When /p/, /t/, and /k/ are at the beginning of a syllable that is a stressed syllable, they have an extra feature (right before a vowel) a little bit of extra air released after them.
  30. 30Tense- tend to be longer than lax vowels
  31. 31Laxalmost never appear at the ends of words
  32. 32Dipthongs-vowel hybrids
    -start in one area of the vowel-space and end up somewhere else.
  33. 33Suprasegmental factorsmanipulation of:
    -the amount of airflow
    -the frequency at which the vocal folds vibrate (pitch)
    -and several subtler factor
    -stress, intonation, tone, length
  34. 34Stress-combination of increased airflow,
    increased length of vowel, and increased pitch
    -Stressed syllables are the prominent ones
    -primary stress: small raised tick before it
    -secondary stress: lower tick
  35. 35Intonationpitch contour/contrast across a set of segments
  36. 36Tone-like intonation, but on the level
    of individual words rather than sentences
  37. 37Lengthindicated with a colon (:)
  38. 38Narrow Transcription1. Flapping/tapping of /t/ and /d/
    2. Aspiration of voiceless stops
    3. Vowel nasalization
    4. Canadian raising
  39. 39Flapping/tapping-/t/ and /d/ become [ɾ]
    -When a /t/ or /d/ is between vowels, except if that /t/ or /d/ is at the beginning of a stressed syllable
  40. 40NasalizationWhen a vowel comes immediately before a nasal consonant, it becomes nasalized
  41. 41Canadian Raising-/aj/ and /aw/ become [ʌj] and [ʌw]
    -When /aj/ and /aw/ come immediately before a voiceless consonant
  42. 42CoarticulationNeighbouring segments influence one another
  43. 43Assimilation-A sound becomes more like one that is very near it
    -Progressive assimilation: sound affects a sound that comes after it
    -Regressive assimilation: sound affects a segment that comes before it (due to phonetic anticipation and planning for subsequent sounds)
  44. 44Dissimilation-Two sounds near each other get less alike.
    -They repel each other like magnets
  45. 45Insertion (epenthesis)A sound gets inserted
    under certain circumstances (ie. /s/ after a sibilant sound is pronounced /əz/)
  46. 46Deletion-A sound gets deleted under certain circumstances
    -In Latin, sometimes an /s/ sound got deleted before a voiced consonant (justice-> judicial)
  47. 47Syllabic consonants-consonants can sometimes be their
    own syllables in English
    -/r/, /l/, /n/, and /m/
    -transcribe these with a schwa before them, and treat them as if there are vowels there
    -some phoneticians transcribe them with a small line-segment underneath
  48. 48/r/, /l/, /n/, and /m/ have a lot in common with vowels-They are voiced sounds.
    -They are sonorants (not obstruents) - they have very little shaping of the airstream from the lungs.
    -They can form syllables
  49. 49Sign language- handshape (manner of articulation), location, and motion-paths
    -Sign languages also have crucial non-manual markers beyond the hands (e.g. what the face is doing, whether the head is moving, etc.).
  50. 50McGurk Effectperceptual illusion in which what we see has a very strong effect on what we hear
  51. 51Phonology-how sounds arrange themselves into patterns, either within a language or across languages
    -much more about representations of
    sound/sign categories
  52. 52Phonemes-prototypes
    -distinction between two sounds is important enough in a language that they are separate consonants and could not be mistaken for each other
  53. 53Contrastivedifference between two phonemes
  54. 54Allophones-One phoneme, but two phonetic ways of realizing it.
    -Two versions of it in the narrow transcription of this language.
  55. 55Complementary Distribution-No overlap in the environments they appear in.
    -Not separate phonemes
  56. 56Minimal Pairs-pairs of words whose phonemic
    transcriptions differ by only one sound
    (phonemes)
  57. 57Underlying form-default pronunciation of the phoneme

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High School Diploma Science Flashcards on Phonetics, created by Sabah School on 15/10/2018.
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Sabah School
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