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Flashcards

Human Computer Interaction

John Ratzinger English 123 cards

Cards in this deck (123)

  1. 13 Guidelines for User-Interface DesignKeep commands short (to minimise typing)
    Use memorable command names
    Use consistent syntax where possible
  2. 2Schneiderman (1982) Sucessful GI features...-Visibility of objects
    -Replacement of complex commands with actions to manipulate visible objects directly
    -Incremental action at the interface with rapid feedback
    -Reversibility of actions
    -Syntactic correctness of actions (every action is legal)
    -Few/no changes of mode
  3. 33 factors driving changes in Interactioni. Technical Developments
    ii. Need to support a wider range of users
    iii. Application to a wider range of tasks
  4. 4Human-Human Interaction is (3)...Proactive rather than reactive
    Context-aware
    Adaptive
  5. 5Good Interface: Four Key Concepts (Shakel):learnability
    throughput
    flexibility
    attitude
  6. 6Screen-reader users generally....work more slowly
    make more errors
    report higher levels of fatigue
  7. 7HCI Components (Abowd and Beale):U - User
    I - Input device(s)
    S - System
    O - Output device(s)
  8. 8Interaction Styles:Command-language
    Form-filling
    Menu-selection
    Function keys
    Question and Answer
    Direct-manipulation
    Anthropomorphic/Natural Language
  9. 9Perception TypesVisual perception
    Auditory perception
    Tactile perception
    Memory
    etc.
  10. 10HCI Metrics examplesSUMI
    WAMMI
    etc
    Accessibility validators
    eg. WebXact
  11. 11Modelling 2 typesTask Analysis
    Cognitive Modelling
  12. 12Task Analysis 3 typesHierarchical Task Analysis
    Knowledge-Based Analysis
    Entity-Relationship Techniques
  13. 13Cognitive modelling 3 modelsTask-Goal Hierarchies
    Linguistic/Grammatical Models
    Device-Level Models
  14. 14Design and Evaluation Techniques:Questionnaire design
    Experimental design
    Statistical analysis
    Iterative design and evaluation
  15. 15Sensory Memories 3 typesIconic (visual)
    Echoic (auditory)
    Haptic
  16. 163 main processes associated with long-term memoryStorage/remembering
    Information Retrieval
    Forgetting
  17. 172 LTM retrieval typesrecall
    recognition
  18. 182 features of rehearsalTotal time hypothesis
    Distribution of practice
  19. 192 types of recallEpisodic
    Semantic
  20. 202 LTM forgetting typesDecay (EBBINGhaus)
    Interference
  21. 21Visual system (AND AUDITORY SYSTEM!!) 2 stages:Physical reception of light
    Processing / interpretation
  22. 22Image path through eyecornea -> iris -> lens -> retina
  23. 23Photoreceptors 2 typesRods
    Cones
  24. 24Rods attributeslight
    monochrome
    low res
    120 rods
    para-foveal / peripheral
  25. 25Cones attributeslimited light
    colour (2-3% blue)
    hi res
    6 mil
    foveal
    pre-attentive
  26. 26Size Judgement techniquesBinocular vision
    Head movement
    Monocular Cues
    Familiarity / Pattern-Matching
  27. 27Monocular Cues 4 typesRelative size
    Relative clarity
    Texture gradient
    Shadow cues
  28. 28Factors that affect the readability of text include:Font-style and capitalisation
    Font size
    Character spacing
    Line length
    Contrast / Luminance
  29. 29why is 2D better than 3Dcognitive/perceptual effort
    abstraction vs. realism
  30. 30When presenting text...removing all unnecessarys
    avoid descriptions...
    break-up text
  31. 313 Text Complexity MeasurementsAverage reading time
    Cloze Technique
    Fog Index, Flesch Reading Ease Test, etc.
  32. 323 characteristics of soundpitch
    loudness
    timbre
  33. 33Sound Intensity depends on...pressure
    distance
    duration (>0.2 secs)
    absorption/reflection
    frequency
  34. 34Timbre depends on...number of harmonics
    relationship of harmonics
    amplitude envelope (over time)
  35. 35Sound Localisation 4 mechanisms...stereo
    head movement
    reflected / direct
    familiarity
  36. 36Sound Localisation: Stereo 2 typesintra-aural intensity
    HI FREQ
    intra-aural delay
    LOW FREQ
  37. 37Sound Localisation: Angles of sensitivity1 degree front/back
    15 degrees LR
    70 degrees zone of bad
  38. 38Sound Localisation: Bad Frequency Range1000-3000 Hz
  39. 39Auditory Memory Effects (AND HAPTIC!!)recall of unattended material
    (few secs)
    recency
    (3-5 digits)
    auditory suffix
  40. 40Non-Speech Sound 3 typesauditory icons (natural) ARkola
    earcons (motifs) TIDE Math
    spearcons (speeded up)
  41. 41SPEECH PERCEPTION Two ApproachesBottom Up
    Top Down
  42. 42SPEECH PERCEPTION Bottom Up attributesseparate into words
    written
  43. 43SPEECH PERCEPTION Top Down attributesprosody
    key words
    lazy processing
  44. 44Prosody 3 featuresintonation
    rhythm
    also gestures
  45. 45Key Words two typescontent (new information)
    function (given)
  46. 46Speech Perception: Co-Operativeshared context
    clarification and repair
  47. 47Speech Recognition Processesword recognition
    recovery of meaning
  48. 48-recovery of meaning Problemsunprompted
    no punctuation
    fragments
    repetition & re-phrasing
    minor sentences
    anaphora
    gestures
    prosody
    shared context
  49. 49recovery of meaning Usestranscription
    limited domain
  50. 50Speech ApplicationsSSML
    CSS Speech
    VoiceXML
    XHTML + Voice
    Web Speech API
    Aircraft Maintenance
    Voice Mail
  51. 51Screen Readers Featureskeyboard short cuts
    speech & braille
    scripts
    different voices
    voice control
  52. 52Skin Receptorsthermo..
    mechano…
    noci...
  53. 53Mechanoreceptorsrapidly-adapting
    (changes)
    slowly-adapting
    (continuous)
  54. 54Sensory Acuitytwo-point test
    fingers good (x10)
  55. 55Kinaesthetic Receptors Typesrapidly-adapting
    slowly-adapting
    static
  56. 56Optacon144 pins (24*6)
    solenoid
    camera movement good
    slow & rapid MRs
  57. 57Action StagesStimulus
    Response
    Move (fitness)
  58. 58Action Stages: Stimulus150ms audio
    200ms visual
    700ms tactile
    practice vs. fatigue
  59. 59Usability Design: Waterfall Model features...inflexible
    add evaluation
  60. 60Usability Design: Waterfall Model 5 Stagesrequirements
    design
    implementation
    verification
    maintenance
  61. 61Usability Design: Agile attributes...circular
    sprints (2-4 week)
    no user-testing
  62. 62Usability Design: Agile 5 Stagesrequirements
    design
    implementation
    verification
    maintenance
  63. 63Usability Design: Lean UX attributes...circular
    waste
    repetition of work
  64. 64Usability Design: Lean UX 3 stagesThink
    Make
    Check
  65. 65Usability Design: Dual Track StagesDiscovery
    (requirements & prototypes)
    Delivery
  66. 66Usability Design: Key Stagesrequirements gathering
    (for Requirements Document)
    design
    evaluate
  67. 67Usability Design: Key Stages: Requirements gatheringarea of expertise
    users
    needs
    conditions
  68. 68Usability Design: Key Stages: Requirements gathering: Users attributes...profile
    experience / motivation
    persona
    primary & secondary
  69. 69Usability Design: Key Stages: Requirements gathering: NeedsNormative
    Expressed
    Felt
  70. 70Usability Design: Key Stages: Requirements gathering: Determining NeedsDirect Observation
    Questionnaires
    Interviews
  71. 71Usability Design: Key Stages: Requirements gathering: ConditionsPhysical
    Safety
    Social
    Organisational
  72. 72Usability Design: Key Stages: Designrelevant guidelines & models
    difficulties
    mental model
    metaphor
  73. 73Usability Design: Key Stages: Design: DifficultiesComplex
    Novel
    Similarities Mask Differences
  74. 74Usability Design: Key Stages: Design: Mental Model1. structural
    (taxi-driver)
    2. functional
    (ticket machine)
  75. 75Usability Design: Key Stages: Design: Metaphor / Re-engineering Exampleson-screen calculator
    shopping basket
    video controls
  76. 76Interface Guidelines...were huge
    now concise
    overview
    reminders
    generalisations
  77. 77Shneiderman's Eight Golden Rules 1-4Consistency
    Universal
    Feedback
    Closure
  78. 78Shneiderman's Eight Golden Rules 5-8Errors
    Reversal
    Control
    Short-Term
  79. 7912 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines InfoW3C Web Accessibility Initiative
    2008
  80. 8012 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines Levelsimpossible
    difficult A Priority 1
    somewhat difficult AA Priority 2
    good? AAA Priority 3
  81. 8112 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1 - 4 (Perceivable)1. text alternatives
    2.time-based alternatives
    3.no loss of info
    4.see & hear. foreground / background
  82. 8212 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 5 - 8 (Operable)5.keyboard
    6.time to read
    7.seizures
    8.navigation
  83. 8312 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 9 - 11 (Understandable)9.readable
    10.predictable
    11.avoid mistakes
  84. 8412 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 12 (Robust)12. future tech
  85. 85Interaction Styles-Form Fill-in
    -Menu-selection
    Question-and-Answer
    Command-language
    Direct Manipulation
    Anthropomorphic /
    Natural User Interface (NUI)
  86. 86Interaction Styles: Direct Manipulation Features-incremental
    rapid feedback
    reversible
    no mode change
    everything legal
    tricky to script
    browser becoming front end
    applets / flash / jQuery / drag and drop
  87. 87Two Approaches to TestingHeuristic evaluation
    Usability Metrics
  88. 88Heuristic evaluation attributes...greek: find, discover
    good enough
    rules of thumb
    10 rules
  89. 89Ten recommended Heuristics (Jacob Nielsen) 1-5Visibility of system status
    Match between system and the real world
    User control and freedom
    Consistency and standards
    Error prevention
  90. 90Ten recommended Heuristics (Jacob Nielsen) 6 - 10Recognition rather than recall
    Flexibility and efficiency of use
    Aesthetic and minimalist design
    Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors
    Help and documentation
  91. 91Heuristic Evaluation Ideal Conditionsalone
    3-10 (4)
    different problems
    effectiveness vs. cost
    (discount method)
  92. 92Heuristic Evaluation Processassess heuristics (not likes)
    repeat interface
    record comments
    assist after comment
  93. 93Usability Metricsexpensive
    time consuming
    qualitative or quantitative
  94. 94Quantitative Usability Metric Aspects of Interaction:success rate
    time
    errors (number, time)
    use of documentation
    user satisfaction (subjective)
  95. 95Quantitative Usability Metric eg. SUMI (Software Usability Measurement Inventory)-12 subjects
    -50 questions
    -reliable (similar results)
    -scales
  96. 96Quantitative Usability Metric eg. SUMI (Software Usability Measurement Inventory) Scalesefficiency
    affect
    helpfulness
    control
    learnability
  97. 97Automated Testing ExamplesIBM’s Rational Policy Tester
    Accessibility Edition
    WAVE
    TotalValidator
    Cynthia Says
  98. 98Interaction Modelling Categories1.Task Analysis
    2.Cognitive Models
  99. 99Interaction Modelling Categories 2.Cognitive Modelsuser info
    psychological
    categories
    granularity
  100. 100Interaction Modelling Categories 2.Cognitive Models Categories:Hierarchical representations
    of the user's task and goal structure
    Linguistic and Grammatical models
    Physical and Device-Level models
  101. 101Interaction Modelling Categories 2.Cognitive Models Granularitytop-level goal
    lowest level sub-goal
    (unit tasks - routine, learned)
  102. 102Physical and Device-Level modelsmotor actions
    low level
    verbose
    use high-level for overall interaction
  103. 103Fitt’s Law Part 1For a given system,
    the time taken
    to move a pointer
    onto a target
    varies...
  104. 104Fitt’s Law Part 2...as a function of:
    -the distance the pointer has to be moved
    -the size of the target
  105. 105Fitt's Law Part 3 (Equation)movement time
    =
    start/stop time
    +
    device tracking speed
    * log2 *
    (distance moved / target size +1)
  106. 106Fitt’s Law Implicationslarge targets & small distances
    point and click > dragging
    distance:size ratio is proportional
    mouse is best
    index of difficulty (ID)
  107. 107Example of mouse is bestXerox Star 8010 - GUI
  108. 108Law derived from Fitt's LawAccot-Zhai Steering Law
  109. 109Usability Testing as opposed to....guidelines
    metrics
    modelling
  110. 110Usability Testing Stages when to testpreliminary
    design
    prototype
    iterative (each stage)
  111. 111Usability Testing: Comparing Systems attributes...two or more conditions
    task
    prediction
    variables
    subjects
    experimental procedure
  112. 112Usability Testing: Comparing Systems: Two or more conditions: two types...new system (experimental condition)
    old system (control condition)
  113. 113Usability Testing: Comparing Systems: Task attributes...relevant
    testable
    no subject advantages
    task should not favour either system in any other respect
    prediction
  114. 114Usability Testing: Comparing Systems: Variables two types...Independent
    Dependent
  115. 115Usability Testing: Comparing Systems: Suitable Subjects 3 types...potential customers
    students (same IQ)
    disableds
  116. 116Usability Testing: Comparing Systems: Subject Grouping... 3 Typesindependent measures
    (random groups)
    matched subjects
    repeated measures
    (all subjects & conditions)
  117. 117Usability Testing: Comparing Systems: Experimental Procedure restrictions...how much to tell
    how much help
    how much time
  118. 118Usability Testing: 4 Data ClassificationsNominal-scaled
    Ordinal-scaled
    Interval-scaled
    Parametric
  119. 119Usability Testing: Normal Distribution features...infinite subjects
    bell curve
    ie. intellegence, height, lifespan
    symmetrical
  120. 120Usability Testing: Normal Distribution central tendencymean = mode = median
  121. 121Usability Testing: Distribution can be defined by only...mean & variance (standard deviation)
  122. 122Usability Testing: Variance attributes...spread
    standard deviation
    square root of variance
    can have same normal distribution
  123. 123Usability Testing: Sensitivity attributes...higher quality - fewer samples
    few subjects
    (parametric data & related samples)
    more subjects
    (nominal-scaled data &
    independent samples)

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Flashcards on Human Computer Interaction, created by John Ratzinger on 08/05/2019.
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John Ratzinger
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