Flashcards
Forensics 2nd year
Cards in this deck (151)
- 1what does mental health act 2007 classify mental health asany disorder with the mind
- 2mental health classificationDMS-5
ICD - 10 - 3due to the broadening of DXM-5 classification, what % of people diagnosed mental disorder46%
- 4to be guilty of a crime you must have intended to do it how do experts figure this out1) Actus reus: behaviour behind crime, was it voluntary, with intent to cause harm, exercising free will
2) Mens rea: mental state, do they understand consequences of crime and what they were doing, was it planned - 5do more mend or women with a mental disorder get incarceratedmen
- 6if someone has a mental disorder and commits a crime, what may this effect- whether or not they get incarcerated
- delay in trial (as not mentally fit)
- sentence/ which institution - 7what link did steadman and Monahan find about how dangerous people with mental disorder arefound that they were no more dangerous then the likewise demographic others
- 8recent studies go against Steadman and Monahan research - what do they suggest linked to crime- link between mental disorder and crime - specifically psychotic disorders
- other factors link: substance abuse, conduct problems, SES - 9what are the most/ least committed crime by people with... - psychotic, organic, developmental disorders- arson
- assaults
- homicide attempts or threats
least: sexual assault, robbery - 10confounding factors that contribute to mental ill committing crime- substance misuse
- childhood abuse/ witness violence
- homelessness
- public discrimination
- poor social networks
- low SES - 11people with mental disorders more likely offend or be victimbe victim
- 12stigmas around mental illnessmental ill linked to being dangerous and homicide
- this is amplified by the media
- and stigmas is worsening - 13Angermeyer and shulze 2001 what did they find when they analysed German newspapers68% of newspaper reports were about mentally ill being violent
- 14common stereotypes of people with mental health problemspsychokillers, enjoys being deviant, mental health isn't real (hiding behind illness bubble), some people faking it, sad characters
- 15media contribution to stigma1998: 66% of TV about mental illness suggested violence
- 16psychological impact of stigmatisation9/10 people say stigmatisation has negative impact on their life
2/3 fear discrimination (so prevents activities) - 17general psychological impact of stigmatisation (list)- shame
- secrecy
- slow recovery
- isolation - 18physical impacts of mental health stigmatisationlower life expectancy - poorer physical health
- 19SES impact on being mentally ill- lower employment
- less likely to live independently (burden on family)
- there are legal restrictions to some people with severe mental health, where they can go/ do - 20public campaigns for mental health- time for change (2019-2015): anti-discrimination/ wellbeing
- shift: reduce stigmatisation (closed now)
- see me (2002) - ongoing in Scotland - 21time to change campaign, study found what pros and cons..pros
- improved intended behaviour
- improvement in peoples attitudes
cons
- no improvement in overall knowledge
- no improvement in reported behaviour - 22Ebinghaus - easier to remember meaningful words or nonsense syllablesmeaningful words had higher recall
nonsense syllables (GAT, kIZ) had worse recall
as diff words have different intensity of meaningfulness to each person, people unique in what words they have best recall. - 23fallible meaningdescribing unreliable eyewitness testimonies as theyre susceptible to cognitive illusions
- 24criminal anthropologycertain kinds of people become criminals
- criminals are primitive humans (ape like, less developed) - 25how did Galton identity the classic criminal and policemanmashed together pictures of 12 criminals and then 12 policemen to create the classic criminal/ policeman
- 26although research shows there is a classic criminal look, what did Wu and Zahng find abut variability in criminals and non-criminals facesmore variability in criminals faces
- 27what has criminal psychology improved for the real world- more awareness of fallible witness (innocence project)
- criminal lineups improved
- better cognitive interviewing techniques - 28Quasi experimentwhen you test pre-existing groups
- 29what is plea bargainingwhen you think you're going to lose trial so you say you're guilty and lea for a lesser sentence
- 30role of the jurythis is the public: the role is to asses how guilty the defendant is
- 31role of the judgeto determine the sentence of defendant
- 32what countries can opt for no juryAustralia, Canada, US
- 33what is inquisitorial systems and in what countriesthere is not jury for all major crime, the judge does everything
in France and Germany - 34what is diplock courts and where does itNorthern Ireland
no jury for terrorist crimes - 35why do some places not have a juryas they believe all jurors are amateur so potential for Bias
jurors are able to judge misconduct but not evaluate evidence (only trained can do so) - 36strengths of having a juryculturally diverse
- 37weaknesses of having a jury- susceptible to media influence
- untrained/ unskilled
- may be prejudice or not like police
- cant evaluate scientific evidence well - 38what is inadmissible evidenceevidence you're old to dismiss as not valid (not let alter judgment, but often does) - often from media or the court people
- 39who's more more likely to say not guilty (Eisenberb et al 2005)women
more educated people - 40ways courts try to stop pre-trial publicity (inadmissible evidence) interferes with the trial and peoples opinionsdelay the case till after all the publicity has died down, in hope juror forgets any media publicity
- 41problems with delaying trial to reduce biasa long delay may make jurors forget where they heard the evidence and therefore let it bias them and implement to real case
- 42most effective way of reducing pre-trial publicity - study (Daftury-Kapur et al 2014)doing the trial in a diff state to where the media publicity was
study where real crime of police shooting people and did the trial in the same state and in a diff state
FOUND: media influence did impact opinions (if p head police innocent in news reports they were more likely to say innocent) - 43difference between reliable and diagnostic evidencefinding a blood stain which is same blood type as suspect is reliable (as sample is reliable source)
but this still may not be diagnostic
as diagnostic is the likelihood ratio, so the likelihood that blood stain is the suspects (there a match but if other suspect is also same blood type match then this isn't diagnostic as it could be either) - 44what is CSI effectpeople think reliability and diagnostic is greater than it is from watching CSI programmes
- 45problems with studying jury decision making- jurors deliberate in secret
- 46problems with using mock juries (fake scenarios)- lack ecological validity: usually not as harsh as real crimes
- doesn't actually lead to real world consequences - 47how do jurors arrive at their decision and mention modelhear contradictory accounts, and presented with evidence
story model says 2 phases to make decision
1) pre-deliberation phase: jurors independently make up stories from the evidence and past knowledge/ experiences
2) deliberation phase: jurors all meet to discuss and make final decision - 482 types of heuristics that effect decision making (jury)1) availability heuristic: how easy to make a decision depends how easy it is to bring to mind
2) representative heuristic: use your own stereotypes to make a decision
(young black males in court) - 49cognitive - experiential self theory (CEST) two information processing modelprocess information either of two ways
1) experiential: letting your emotions and gut feelings control decisions (using heuristics)
2) rational: use analytical and factual evidence to base decision (better in court) - 50cognitive - experiential self theory - rational - experiential which way of processing info leads to more convictions and to whoexperiential more likely to convict unattractive people and more lenient to attractive people
- 51verdict driven juries evidence driven juries- juries meet and first take a vote of guilty/ not guilty and then deliberate
- juries meet and the deliberate thoughts then say vote - 52when unanimity (and agreed answer) is required by the jury - what info do they usually convict based onevidence driven info
(better) - 53group influence decision favoured by the majority of jurors at the start of the deliberation, usually ends up with.... & whythat being the final vote they agree with (90% of time)
due to
1) normative social influence: want to fit in
2) informative social influence: the majority is more people so they bring more info which helps your decision - 54group polarisation (risky shift) from jury deliberationgroups usually tend to pick riskier decisions than would independently
- 55why do legal systems think jury deliberation is goodthey think it is helps reduce bias and reject irrelevant info (but evidence found this to be wrong - risky shift)
- 56better to release info all at end of interview than all at beginning, whyso p cant shape their answers around what police know
- 57do police officers release info all at beginning, throughout or end of interview and whyall throughout, when they think is appropriate
as they don't have the working memory to remember everything suspect says at the end to see if they contradict story - 58study with p either buying supplies as builders (innocent) or as terrorist (guilty) and real police have to guess who's who's by releasing evidence either: early, throughout or late what did they findfound most accuracy when release info throughout (68%)
late release (50%)
early release (49%) - 59what is a negative of release of info all at engining or end of interview for innocent peoplethey realise why their innocent moves look suspicious so they begin to get nervous and act guilty - wrong convictions
so best to help innocent suspects as well b drip feeding - 60Susan smith case studypretended her kids kidnapped but really killed them, what gave it away...
- physiological cues: failed lie detector (expected for stressed mum)
- behavioural cues: linguistic language wrong (they needed me past tense)
- evidential: said lights went red at intersection but no other cars about - lights wouldn't go red with no other cars - 61issues with normal witness interview- fallible memory
- media bias interfering
- usually contain vulnerable witness - 62what is a mnemonic technique1) free recall
2) close eyes and imagine back in scene
3) reverse temporal order (backwards)
4) then recall with a changed perspective to prevent pre-concieved notions - 63what is the best way to lietell the most truth you can
- 64suspicious signs interview (like airport suspicion) what do they doask about your documentation's and evaluate if you seem dodgy (judge appearance and behaviour)
- 65Wagenaar et al - compared testimonies of prisoners 1940- 1980large decrease in recall
- 66car drivers asked to record all their crashes, then asked to recall in verbally after certain amount of time - what was recall accuracycould only remember 20% of original reports
- 67why are eyewitness testimonies so error prone- fallible memory
- may not recall events they think are insignificant
- weapon effect
- suspect change in appearance
- time frame since event occurred
- post event info - media or discussion - 682 factors effecting eye witness testimonies1) system variables: things in the control of legal system (faults in line ups and interviews etc)
2) estimator variables: things to do with the witness, E.G their age, sex, personality type - 69the longer you see an event, usually the better memory of it BUT increased exposure of an event can cause...p to be more confident in who they believe committed it but actually be wrong
- 70Bahrick et al 1975 asked p to identify pictures of school classmates many years later, findings?found they were very good at doing so, however this may be more of a picture recognition and you don't know how much p stayed in contact or looked at pics
- 71schema play a role when you recall a crime describe study with black man, white man and a knifepicture of White man holding the knife, but p reported it as black man due to schemas
- 72study where p were either told what passage is about or just told to read ambitious passage, found...p who were told what passage was about, remembered more
therefore encoding is to do with memory - 73recall better when free recall or asked qless recalled but more accurate with free recall
more recalled but less accuracy with questions - 74weapon focus, name a study for and againstfor: p asked t recall an event where they saw either man pass a man a cheque or man point a gun, p remembered less with gun due to weapon focus
against: a study was done similar situation but pointing gun and a chicken, found p equally remembered less with chicken, so focus may be on unlikely objects not weapon - 752 confounds of stress (real life and in a lab)1) defensive: in the real world stress
2) orientating: stress experienced from lab setting
the difference in stress suggest lab studies not ecologically valid - 76post event discussion? and whywhen people talk about an event after it occurred, likely to cause bias and conformity
- 77face recall systemwitness gives details of suspects face and a computer computes an image of that criminal
- 78what technologies do face recall systems- Photofit (not good)
- Evo- fit (better)
- Evo- fit plus (best)
- identikit
- sketch artists (not technology) - 79how does photofit work and describe study on it (Ellis, Shepherd, Davies 1975)you have multiple diff facial features and you pic out the one most like it
study got p to look at images of someones face and then immediately do a photofit of them
- the images were unrecognisable - 80what is better E-fit or photofitE-fit has many more features and more racially correct ones and can move spiral array
- 81why are face reconstruction systems so poor?- weakness in eyewitness account
- poor systems
- verbal mediation issues (issue with verbally expressing it)
- the way we process faces uses configurable processing, so any features error can interfere with face recognition - 82problem with the method you construct a photo-fit imageyou have to explain each feature one by one in a sequence, but your brain processes faces as a whole, so It is hard
- 83verbal shadowing (face recognition)this is when you're describing a face and this may make you forget what the face actually looks like, as it encourages the wrong processing strategies which confuse us
- 84is it easier to recognise a distorted face (when where the features have been put in the wrong place) when it is right way up or upside downeasier to recognise upside down, as this doesn't require holistic processing
- 85Tanaka and Farah 1993 is it easier to recognise features when seen them individually or on a facepeople had to learn a nose, one group saw independent nose,, other saw nose on a face
people learnt the specific features better when learnt them on the face - 86what featured do people use to recognise familiar faces VS unfamiliar facesfamiliar: internal features (nose, eyes, mouth) abstract
unfamiliar: external features (hair, chin, face outline) image based - 87what does the brain do when we're shown a set of 8 stimuli faces (face recognition)our brain calculates an average of that face, therefore better to see 8 diff pics of a face composite of same man, than 1
as average more likely accurate e - 88Bruce et al 2002 face recognition test, involving 4 images and morphed image what is best for recognitionp saw either
1) one face and had to identify
2) saw 4 faces and then had to identify (brain would have made an average)
3) seen an average of the 4 faces, which computer made
found best when the Brain made its own average - 89why is it better for one witness to make multiple face composites of one suspect1) averting together the diff made composites, averages out error in any you made
2) reminince - you may have forgot stuff in last attempts - 90what is better one p making diff composites or different p making diff composites and then averaging themmorphing together diff composites made from diff participants made the most realistic man, but morphing together from one p is still better than one alone
- 91why are Evo - fit / E-fit betteras this involves configure processing, much like humans processing
you tell computer features and it makes 24 faces and you then click on out likely one and then it computes more and more till most accurate - 92how stereotypes affect composites (study)p shown pic of a racially neutral man
and told the names of his accomplices (gave either Indian or English names)
then p asked to make composite of this man, depending what ratial name given depended if they made him more Indian or British - 93whats better evo-fit / photofit / eve-fit plusevo-fit plus got 74% accuracy compared so others only 20%
evo-fit plus much better - 94what is interviewing for suspicious signsinterview someone prior to boarding plain and ask them questions about luggage etc and try work out if they're, lying/ suspicious
- 95what is the most reliable way to tell someone is lyingif they have a change in behaviour, think being challenged usually causes change in behaviour
- 963 stages of the controlled cognitive engagement interview1) baseline: build rapport
2) ask unpredictable questions that are unrelated, to try catch someone out in later convo
3) veracity testing: ask q based on what person has told you to try catch them out
E.G if they said they grew up in Byfleet, ask what school, if they name one in Byfleet or not - 97detection testing study (CCE interview)p were told a general lie and then told to make up stuff to go with it
& got trained CCE people to test these people
63-74% successfully caught liars - 98what is the biggest error in crime investigationsdecision making
- 99what is conformation bias, in interviews/ police inspectionswhen the person seeks out evidence that proves their theory right
instead of challenging it as well, so limiting inspection - 100what s better: to generate many hypothesis at the beginning of the investigation or create many hypothesis throughout the investigation and explain Tom's studylooked at police crime logs
found those with 5+ years of experience made many crime hypothesis at the beginning
those with 3+ years made hypothesis throughout the investigation
best to do many at the beginning - 101mental model theory? what blocks decision makingwe construct models of possible scenarios in our heads
the most obvious scenarios are the ones that come to mind first and block other ideas
E.G mum and son riddle - expect doctor to be a man - 102what blocks decision making- mental model theory
- statistical bias
- knowledge bias
- meta cognitive bias
- social bias
- strategy bias - 103knowledge bias what blocks decision makingpeople accept believable conclusions even if they logically don't make sense
- 104meta- cognitive bias what blocks decision makingwhen you construct a theory after you know results so it makes sense
- 105social bias decision makingif talking about yourself this is internal so you only view yourself positively
thinking about someone else this is external and usually speak negatively - 106strategy bias pseudo diagnosticityif you find out a lead which you then follow but ignore all possible other scenarios
E.G suspect has dark hair and wears fake tan
- find out one person wears fake tan so you follow that lead, ignoring all the potential other people who wear fake tan - 107what do benefit fraud investigators do and study to do with pseudo diagnosticget a tip off, have probabilities and they follow it up or not
study: people were pseudo diagnostic (follow one lead ignore others as easy) for small cases
but were very diagnostic for big cases (Explored all areas) - 108evidence for simultaneous Vs sequential line upsmeta - analysis
- target present: correct identification highest for simultaneous (50%)
- target absent: correct rejections highest for sequential (72%)
so sequential best for preventing wrong convictions but simultaneous got most accurate convictions - 109how do ID parades work (line ups)get a suspect ad 4/5 members of public (random) and get witness to pick out who they think it was
- 110what is a false positive and false negative ID paradesfalse positive: wrongly picking a innocent person
false negative: failing to recognise a criminal - 111what did penrod and Bernstein 2007, find out line up (ID parades)that less than half were accurate (25% false positives)
- 112why are identification parades unreliable- suspect may physically change appearance (now unfamiliar)
- bias in police: sometimes try get witness to pick certain person
- misattribution: a persons face seems familiar, so you pick them when could be no link
- jurors have too much faith in witnesses confidence, even tho could be wrong still - 113study: why unfamiliar face recognition is poor - card sorting taskhad picture of many faces and have to suggest how many diff people are present
- there is only two but from diff angles and points in time look extremely different
so its hard to recognise someone when they look so diff - 114kemp et al 1999: how well can we match people to their ID cards, explain studyhad cashiers and they had to detect if the person on the ID is really them
- 4 conditions either looked same as their own card or didn't, or looked similar to someone else card or didn't
50% wrongly accepted fraud cards and 10% wrongly rejected - 115brown et al 1977 - butcher in a buss phenomena, explain studystudents saw 5 criminals and had to identify them from a group of 15, 3 days later. then had to identify them 5 days later, from a group of 7.
found: feeling of familiarity was a large predictor of wrong convictions - 116problems with lineup constructions - how similar people should bepeople who have never seen the suspect shouldn't be able to identify them by knowing just their features (verbally)
- so suspects should have similar physical characteristics so the witnesses is choosing based on more than just hair colour for example - 117difference between simultaneous and sequential line ups (and which better)simultaneous: is them all standing next to each other
sequential: one shown after the other
sequential line us better, as, simultaneous makes someone pick who they think looks most like it but sequential you make a firm yes or no judgement - 118Niel Vs Biggers, what were the 5 criteria they suggested jurors should use to judge eye witnesses accuracy1) opportunity the witness had to view the offender
2) how confident they are
3) if their prior descriptions match the suspect
4) witnesses degree of attention
5) length of time between crime and identification procedure - 119what counterargument did Luus and wells 1994 have against Niel Vs Biggers: 5 ways to judge an eye witnessNiel Vs Biggers sad one of the criteria was depending how consent the witness is, but this evidence to how little supports for confidence and accuracy
- 120selective cue integration framework the process witnesses take when assessing one ups1) assessment, see if they have any people they feel a familiarity too, depending how strong depends if they say guilty or not
2) search stage, if self familiarity but not strong will search for cues, from police to help identify
3) evaluation stage, way up all your thoughts - from police and own familiarity check, to decide who to chose - 121what did Douglass and Steblay (2006) suggest for a good line up1) blind administration - police doesn't know who person is
2) sequential
3) witness advised they may or may not be in this lineup
4) effective use of fillers (the people compared to suspect are good - so fair)
5) asses at time of parade how confident witness was and don't give them feedback - 122what did Cesare Lombroso say were physical characteristics of a criminal (biological)separate species
1) asymmetrical skull
2) flattened nose
3) huge jaw and lips
4) tattoos
5) high cheek bones
5) big ears
could identify what crime people commit by their characteristics - 123if you had two first fingers the same length what does old theory about criminals suggest what crimes you committed- purse snatcher: fingers to steal
- 124twin studies for criminals - biological linkMZ twins 77% concordance rate for crimes
DZ twins 12% concordance rate for crimes
shows biological link - 125what is frustration aggressionfighting back, under privileged, want to be heard
- 126psychopathy / sociopathydisorder where you lack empathy
- 127narcissismhigh feelings of self importance
- need for attention / admiration
- lack empathy - 128criminality - context focus explanation (learning approach)you learn criminality from the context you find yourself In - adopt motives off other people
what context a person is in predicts what type of criminal - 129social factors - becoming a criminalfollowing an authority figure can turn you criminal (milligram)
high group identity encourages criminality - 12 boys rewarded for competing - more reward the higher aggression
in groups you lose your identity and more likely to act criminal (zimbardo) - 130criminal profiling and the 3 major approachesmaking judgement on people characteristics, based on their criminal moves
1) clinical approaches
2) base rate approach
3) actuarial approach - 131criminal profiling: clinical approachbased on cases knowledge and expertise - what type of people commit these crimes
can put people into organised and disorganised criminal - 132organised criminal - what the crime most likely includes and what we can infer on their characteristics- well planned, control of victim, use of vehicle, restrains
1) intelligent
2) skilled job
3) follows media
4) angry/ depressed
5) good car - 133disorganised criminal what their crime would be like and what we can infer for their personality- leave evidence, keep or position of body, no vehicle
1) knows victim
2) lives alone
3) is scared
4) sexually ignorant
5) lives close to crime - 134testing the clinical approach to organised and disorganised crimesfound there was no clear distinction for disorganised and organised crimes - suggesting evidence against clinical approach to criminality
- 135base rate approach to criminality (criminal profiling)categorises criminals based on stats off crimes and behaviours etc
- heavily used in police
example: stats show typical criminal is 10 years younger in Brighton than London, so looking for young people - 136evidence for base rate approachfound gangs with drugs use and delinquency occur in organised with social. norms
- 137actuarial approach to criminal profilinglikelihood of someone being a risk based on characteristics (sexual crimes)
- organised/ disorganised/ motivations behind crime
- occurrence of behaviour, place behaviours in a spacial array and the close they are the more likely they're to occur together - 138actuarial approach what were the three types of sexual behaviour identified by the characteristic diagramviolence, sexual/ intimate, controlling)
- 139some characteristics of a controlling sexual criminal, as classified but the actuarial approach- blindfold
- tie up
- disguise
- gagging
- forensic
- surprise
usually more than one person to show other your dominance - 140is profiling usefulpolice suggest profiling very useful but but a self -response data said it only led to 2.6% identifications
- 141what approach is most of criminal profiling based onclassic trait model of personality: your traits are genetically determined but can be enhanced by environment
- 142classic trait model of personality- your traits genetically determine you but if your a criminal also depends on 'state' - the context you find yourself in which enhances traits - likely hood
terrorists aren't born terrorist they're radicalised so does depend also on environment - 143are professional profiles better than a novice kocsis et al 2000no a novice can do as good job
- 144is the Reid technique (US interviewing technique) goodassociated with many false confessions
- illegal in UK - 145what is the purpose for British and US interview techniquesBritish: to get evidence
US: to get a confession - 146case study: Birmingham bombers?6 men convicted of bombing a pub
but they were later exonerated for the harsh interviewing technique which saw them maltreated (said this was unfair and now interviews have change in UK) - 147what did Australians say would more likely encourage someone to confess- compassion
- non-aggressive behaviour
- present strong evidence - 148what did Baldwin find about police interviews (inadequate challenges)police suggested interviews were difficult and complex with aggressive people
but found: they were short and easy, police didn't question suspects enough - 149the Reid interviewing technique (US) do they disclose info in interview early or latebombard suspect with all evidence they know early on in the interview
- early disclosure means suspect can form a lie around what police know - 150mock theft paradigm: better to disclose info all at begging or all at endall at end, police could better detect lies (86%) when disclose info late than easy (56%)
- 151—
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- Flashcards on Forensics 2nd year, created by abi Jane on 12/01/2020.
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