Flashcards
March 23rd & 26th
Cards in this deck (30)
- 1Observational learningThe behavior of a model is witnessed by an observer; and the observer's behavior is subsequently changed.
- 2Why learn from observation?- Learning by trial and error can be constly, time consuming and expose us to danger
- Observational learning allows for short cuts for direct experience and knowledge - 3Contagious behaviorBehavior triggered by the behavior emitted by another person (ex: yawning) Can be threat, social or orienting.
- 4Stimulus EnhancementBehavior changed or influence by another person partaking in that behavior. Ex) Big line up = must be a good club = lines up too
- 5Classical conditioning and observational learningMost often emotional in nature
includes vicarious emotional responses - 6Vicarious emotional responsesClassically conditioned response that result from seeing the emotional responses exhbited by others. (Ex: Mouse (NS) -> Mom's Fear (US) -> My fear (UR) becomes Mouse (CS) -> My fear (CR)
- 7Vicarious Emotional Responses & Higher-order conditioningWhen the emotional reactions of others serve as conditioned stimuli (CS) rather than US. Ex) Look of fear (NS) -> danger (US) -> My fear (UR) = Look of fear (CS) -> My fear (US)
- 8Long Term Effects of Observational LearningObservationally associating something as good or bad may determine whether or not we approach or avoid that stimulus
- 9Operant Conditioning & ObservationOperant behaviors can be acquired by observation and later performed by the observer (Ex: Watching parents drive teaches us the basics so we can perform it at a legal driving age)
- 10AcquisitionAttend to actions of a model
1. The behavior of the model is reinforced
2. The observation is reinforced (teaching)
3. The skill is attainable for the observer
4. We are drawn to the model (interests) - 11PerformanceWe perform observed actions based on
1. Observing the model's consequence (vicarious punishment/reinforcement)
2. Noting the consequence for trying the behavior (make or break an act)
3. Unique experience of past performance of modelled behaviors - 12True ImitationObserver performs a behavior to mimic another's behavior as closely as possible. (Ex: child sees dad shaving & fake shaves)
- 13Generalized imitationA tendency to imitate a new modeled behavior with no specific reinforcement for doing so.
- 14Animal vs. Human imitation- Human children imitate more faithfully
- Animals & adults display more flexible behavior and independent problem solving abilities - 15Learned Aggression- Bandura's Bobo Doll
- Watching a televised fight
- Both had increased levels of aggression when kids were left alone - 16Learned Aggression & Media- Correlation between predisposed aggression & seeking out violent media outlets
- Sex differences (males are more affected)
- We tend to want to imitate those we feel we most relate too (violent models?)
- Observed violence increases acceptance of aggression - 17RuleA statement telling us that in a certain setting; if we perform a certain behavior, then a certain consequence will follow. Ex) If you drive through a red light, you will get a ticket)
- 18Rule Governed BehaviorBehavior that has been generated through exposure to rules (Ex: Doing what the course outlines states to pass a class)
- 19InstructionDiffers from a rule as it tells us how we should respond to a contingency.
- 20Benefits of Rule-Governed Behavior- Language based rule-learning significantly fast tracks learning (Ex: don't touch the stove, it's hot! you'll burn yourself)
- Provides info about how to respond to a situation long before we encounter it - 21Generalized Rule Compliance- Following rules is reinforced both extrinstically (praise from others) and intrinsically (sense of accomplishment)
- Following rules will then become generalized (Follow rules - positive outcomes = more likely to follow rules in future) can be good or bad * - 22Limitations to Rule-Based Learning- Cannot replace practice necessary to develop a skill (instructions to bball won't make you good at bball)
- Hinders opportunity to learn about contradictions & inconsistencies
- Its morality doesn't always correspond to enforcement - 23Self-Regulation with Personal Rules- Personal rules or Self-Instruction
- Say-do correspondence - 24Personal RulesRules we establish for ourselves and choose to conform to. Can be based on generalization from other known rules or experience.
- 25Say-do CorrespondenceHow closely do your actons match what you said you would do? Our experience with low/hgh say-do matches will reflect our ability to comply. (Ex: Say I'm going to study 2 hours everyday = Does so = more likely to follow study plans)
- 26Clearly vs. Unclearly Defined RulesThe more vague a rule -> the less likely we will comply. Vague definitions make recognition of failure hard to determine.
- 27Clear BoundariesAinslie (1986), a military strategy establishing a clear and pre-determined landmark to signify a loss. (Ex: Gotta walk dog 3km every evening, if I stop at the canal, I have failed)
- 28When, Where and HowPre-determining when, where and how a goal will be accomplished can substantially improve the likelihood of accomplishment.
- 29Personal Process rules or implementation statementsA personal rule is accompanied by a clearly defined plan to comply with the rule (Plan or fail)
- 30Don't Over CommitDifferentiate how you think about things you would kind of like to do vs. things you really think you should do.
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- Observational Learning Ruled-Governed Behavior
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- Tora Jay
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