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Alaisha Dhalla English 44 cards

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  1. 1what is personality addiction (Levy, 1970)personality are those meaningful patterned behaviours that are internally generated and part of an identity
  2. 2what is personality addiction Klinger (1977)a branch of psychology that examines how the parts of one produce behavioural outcomes
  3. 3what is personality addiction Savada (1978)theoretically, necessarily, logically defensible and empirically supported - but neglects biological and structural variables.
  4. 4why are people believing in addictive personalityTwo main reasons: 1) som people are addicted to more than 1 behaviour (cross sectional) and engage in impulsive behaviour (Griffiths, 2008) 2) some people give up 1 behaviour and get addicted to another (recirocity)
  5. 5Addictive personalityA cognitive and behavioural style which is both specific and personal to an individual to acquiring and maintain the addictive behaviour at a time (Griffiths, 2017)
  6. 6Assumptions of addictive personalitypersonality is a changeable phenomena that has dynamic like age and family. Addictive behaviours have a temporal dimension that includes stages. the relationship between them depends on theoretical considerations (Colinger, 1988)
  7. 7Assumptions of addictive personalityShaffer (2000) personality is a cluster of traits that compromise an addictive personality which leads to addiction.-
    - but admits it is complex as personality is associated with addiction and it came from It
    can result in drugs.
  8. 8perspective on addictive personalityNathan (1988) there must be proof to show valid links between personality and addicted behaviour
    - personality factors must be sign of disorder
    be discriminative
    be specific to disorder rather than consequent.
  9. 9assessing addictive behavioursself reports e.g. questionnaire - have bias reports in case of judgement (Adrienn 2018)
    Collateral reports e.g family - have bias in memory from groups
    Direct observations
  10. 10Personality and alcohol disorder (Lui et al, 2022)Meta analysis to examine the relationship between alcohol and personality using the big 5 factor model (n=63,074)
    they fcan inform mechanisms by which personality affects alcohol drinking.
    +ve agreeable and consciousness was involved showing relevance
    -ve only done in western society needs to find other cultures (Lui et al, 2019)
  11. 11internet addictionthere are 6 addictions that directly map onto the DSM-5 criteria.
    salience - preoccupaton on internet
    Withdrawal - having symptoms without being on internet
    Tolerance - need to spend long hours
    cannot control participation - relapse
    other hobbies are affected - conflict
    escape negativity - mood modification.
  12. 12terminologythe terms "over use" and "excessive use" are in many studies indicating that time is a n important factor in deterring internet addiction.
    for example: young (1998) found 39hrs spent online whereas non-dependent is 5 hrs.
    similarly chou and Chen (1998) findings are supported as they found that high risk people spend longer online than non high risk groups. but she concluded that most applications of chatroom are the main application to addiction.
    and Chinese scales matched results.
  13. 13Similar research to internet addictionyoung (1998) found that the study used a 2 way communities function. dependents used MUD multi user dimensions whereas non dependent users used WWW to gather information. This was concluded that specific applications play a role in addiction and that internet itself is not addictive. MUD and chatrooms lead to addiction.
  14. 14generic risk factors affecting internet addictionresearch on addiction has results din anecdotal and empirical data. They found that from an academic standpoint, internet addiction is down to emotional, psychological and social ramifications (DeAnglis,2000). However, it is possible that everyday lifestyle can affect this like school life (Tung, 2007)
    For example. research can now profile those who have been internet addicted base don sexual relations like marriages (DeAnglis, 2000)
  15. 15generic risk factorSoyle et al (2003) identified that vulnerable people like singles, young males and less educated are internet addicted. However this contradicts the stereotype in genders according to length of time online. But overall findings found no correlation of this except young people are more likely to be addicted than old users (Source et al, 2003)
  16. 16websters new dictionary definition of addictioncompulsive uncontrolled use of habit forming drugs
  17. 17Concise Oxford definition of addictiona person addicted to a habit especially depending on drugs
  18. 18new definitionA repetitive pattern of habit that increases risk of disease or social problems. Subjectively loss of control and immediate gratification (MArlatt et al, 1998)
  19. 19Component model of addictionGriffiths, (1995) salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, relapse, all elelemtns are need to be clinically diagnosed.
  20. 20excessive enthusiasmadds to life not takes away.
  21. 21positive addictionsGlasser 1976 said we can win people into positive addiction to reduce harmful addictions.
    People need to be less competitive and it increases self-esteem (Brown, 1998). examples are like jogging and exercising. mixed blessing in disguise.
  22. 22benefits of addiction- reliability of mood change
    - positive experience of pleasure
    - simplifier of decisions as they all relate to one.
  23. 23psychological commonalitiesan activity acts as a reinforcer to maintain the addiction (Griffiths, 1996; 2006)
    states like arousal and stress.
  24. 24Social commonalitiessocial meaning (adulthood rebellion)
    in youth then decline
    less conforming, weaker religious commitments.
  25. 25theories of addictionPhysiological perspective - reward deficit theory (Blum, 1996) those who lack dopamine seek it.
  26. 26theories of addictionBiological and genetic disposition
    - inherited neurotransmitter defects
    (Thorngeissur, 2008)
  27. 27Theories of addictionpsychological
    - Addictive personality and learning theory (Wilder, 1980)
    social learning theory
    purpose of life
  28. 28models of addictionDisease model (Peele, 1990) neurochemical imbalance to blame, avoids victim blaming, no control. limitation - people are not responsible so how do they overcome it.
  29. 29Model of addictiongenetic model - if parents smoke so do their children
  30. 30model of addictionExperiential model - temporal, people move in and out of it.
  31. 31model of addictionmoral model - lack of character, result of weakness of moral failure.
  32. 32smartphone use addictionsmartphones are now indispensable in everyday life and it is estimates that there are 2 billion users in 2012(Miller, 2012)
  33. 33prevalenceexcessive smartphone use found to have a twice as high of a prevalence in teenagers than adults (park and park, 2014)
  34. 34prevalence studyprevious studies have found a higher prevalence of 10% among teenagers than adults in countries like the uk. (Gibson et al, 2014)
    Girls were found to be most difficult as they use it for communication (Kim and chou, 2017)
  35. 35excessive smartphone use as behavioural addictionalthough excessive use of smartphone addiction is not clinically recognised in DSm-5 or ICD-10, many aspects are similar to the behavioural addictions in DSM-5 like internet addiction and sex addiction (APA,2013)
  36. 36the termthere is no census term for smartphone addiction therefore we use the term problematic smartphone use which is applied and described to fit the description of an recurrent failure to control addiction as a result to functional impairment of distress and meets DSm-5 (Kalterwinter et al, 2017)
  37. 37co-morbidiesexcessive smartphone use has shown to consider with other mental disorder like loneliness and depression (Hall,et al 2017)
    but it has been shown anxiety has been prevalent in those who with excessive smartphone use due to device interference (Hong et al, 2017)
    However smart phone use also shown to affect communication in peers but can be utilised for distraction (Thomee, 2019)
  38. 38Longitudinal studya longitudinal study that was done in 126 adolescents in the us found that those with high phone use had higher depressive score even after a year of follow up while controlling for baseline depression (Sansone, 2013)
    in addition those looking for a companionship virtually may develop depression
  39. 39PSU conceptualisationexcessive smartphone use has been conceptualised as a behavioural addictions due to the similar components of salience and mood modification (yen et al, 2009)
    assessment of PSU need to be reliant for example good consistency and validity
    there should unique consequences but knowledge of this is self report bias (Bianchi t al ,2009)
  40. 40consequence of PSUneurobiological changes to the brain. High levels of GABA so it results in poorer attention and easily distracted (Hong et al, 2014)
    due to neurobiology immaturity adolescents result to instant reward and less social interaction due to PSU(Kim et al, 2019)
    but the recognition didn't occur immediately assesment took a long time
  41. 41risk factorGreenberg and Weinstein (2016) demonstrated in their study that there is a close relationship with smartphone addiction and internet addiction
    smartphones use internet access, furthermore smartphones have easier internet access in comparison to computers
  42. 42risk factor continuedfamily like parenting relates to PSU. failure to positive relations can cause problematic functions in child like PSU(Cheng et al , 2009)
    adolescents have a high tendency to risk take in order to mature especially in life stressors (Speat, et al 2000)
  43. 43but...Excessive use of smartphone can be used to relieve stress as a coping mechanism in violent homes (Lee et al, 2018) Adolescents may seek pleasure to avoid problems (alhassan et al, 2000)
  44. 44—

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Flashcards on Untitled, created by Alaisha Dhalla on 06/04/2023.
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Alaisha Dhalla
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