446710
Description
Flashcards by andreaarose, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by andreaarose
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Anatomy of the frontal lobes | Constitutes of 20% of the neocortex. |
| Subdivisions of the frontal lobe | Motor and premotor areas. |
| Subdivisions of premotor areas | Lateral area 6, medial area 6, area 8, area 8A. |
| Prefrontal cortex | Area of the frontal lobe that receives input from the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus |
| Divisions of the prefrontal cortex | Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal cortex, medial frontal cortex. |
| Motor cortex | Projects to spinal motor neurons, cranial nerves that control the face, projects to the basal ganglia and the red nucleus |
| Connections of the premotor areas | Projects to the spinal cord and motor cortex. Receives projections from parietal areas PE and PF and dorsolateral prefrontal area. |
| Eye fields | Receive from PG and the superior colliculus |
| Dorsolateral prefrontal area | Reciprocal connections with the posterior parietal and STS, extensive connections with the cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, and superior colliculus, receives input from dopaminergic cells in tegmentum |
| Orbital frontal cortex | Receives from the temporal lobe, amygdala, gustatory cortex, somatosensory cortex, olfactory cortex, dopaminergic cells in tegmentum, projects to hypothalamus and amygdala |
| Frontal lobe functions | Planning and selection, persistence and ignoring distracting stimuli, memory for what you have already done, executive functions |
| Functions of the premotor cortex | Selects movements to be executed, chooses behaviour in response to external cues. |
| Premotor cortex and movement | An increase in activity in the premotor cortex is seen when cues become associated with movement |
| Functions of the prefrontal cortex | An increase in activity in the premotor cortex is seen when cues become associated with movement |
| Internal cues | Temporal memory - memory for what has just happened |
| External cues | Feedback about rewarding properties of stimuli |
| Orbital frontal cortex | Learning by association - external cues. |
| Context cues | Orbital frontal cortex helps with context cues in social interactions. |
| Autonoetic awareness | Self knowledge |
| Left frontal lobe | Language, encoding memories. |
| Right frontal lobe | Nonverbal movements, facial expression, retrieving memories. |
| Damage to the primary motor cortex | Loss of fine movements, speed and strength. |
| Damage to the premotor or dorsolateral cortex | Loss of movement programming. |
| Damage to the frontal eye fields | Changes in voluntary gaze. |
| Damage to Broca's area | Agrammatism |
| Damage to the supplementary motor cortex | Become mute. |
| Convergent thinking | Only one answer to the question |
| Divergent thinking | Questions that ask for a variety of responses - frontal lobe patients are impaired. |
| Loss of behavioural spontaneity | Decrease verbal fluency and design fluency and reduction in general behaviours in frontal lobe patients. |
| Frontal lobe lesions | Increased perseveration, inability to form a strategy and loss of response inhibition, deficits in self regulation. |
| Loss of response inhibition | Tested through the Wisconsin card sorting task and the Stroop test. |
| Risks | Frontal lobe lesions - Iowa gambling taks, appears after damage to the orbitofrontal cortex. |
| Loss of associative learning | Inability to select from competing responses |
| Pseudodepression | Appears after lesions of the left frontal lobe, outward apathy, indifference, loss of initiative, reduced sexual interest, little or no verbal output |
| Pseudopsychopathy | Appears after lesions of the right frontal lobe, immature, lack of tact and restraint, promiscuous coarse language, lack of social graces, increased motor activity |
| Orbitofrontal lesions | Reduce inhibitions and may introduce abnormal sexual behavior, leads to deficits in identifying facial expressions |
| Dorsolateral lesions | Reduces interest in sexual behaviour. |
| Damage to the frontal facial area | Sensory and motor functions of the face are preserved after damage. Left = loss of verbal fluency, right = loss of design fluency |
| Schizophrenia | Abnormality in the mesocortical dopaminergic projection. Decrease in blood flow to the frontal lobes, and frontal lobe atrophy |
| Parkinson's disease | Loss of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra that project to the prefrontal cortex |
| Korsakoff's | Alcohol-induced damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and a deficiency in frontal lobe catecholamines |
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