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ruthkeat Physics GCSE English 153 cards

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Cards in this deck (153)

  1. 1What does infrared radiation involve? What objects emit infrared radiation?-The transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic waves
    -All objects
  2. 2The hotter an object is, the ______ infrared radiation it emits in a given time.More
  3. 3What is a vacuum?A region that doesn't contain anything at all, even gas particles.
  4. 4What surfaces emit infrared radiation the most? What surfaces absorb infrared radiation the most?Dark, matt surfaces more quickly than light, shiny surfaces (For both questions)
  5. 5What surfaces are good reflectors of infrared radiation?Light, shiny surfaces more than dark, matt surfaces
  6. 6What are the three states of matter?Solid, liquid and gas
  7. 7What are the properties used to describe each state of matter?-Flow
    -Shape
    -Volume
    -Density
  8. 8Describe the arrangement of particles in a solid-Particles are held next to each other
    -Vibrate about fixed positions
    -Fixed shape    Describe the arrangement of particles in a solid
  9. 9Describe the arrangement of particles in a liquid.-In contact with each other
    -Can move about at random
    -Doesn't have a fixed shape
    -Can flow    Describe the arrangement of particles in a liquid.
  10. 10Describe the arrangement of particles in a gas.-Far apart
    -Move randomly and much faster
    -Doesn't have a fixed shape and can flow
    -Lower density than solid/liquid    Describe the arrangement of particles in a gas.
  11. 11What does kinetic theory explain?The kinetic particle theory explains the properties of the different states of matter.
  12. 12What materials are good insulators and why?-Wool
    -Fibreglass (Because it contains trapped air)
  13. 13What is conduction and what are the best conductors and why? Where does conduction mainly occur?-The transfer of energy by heating without the substance itself moving. Metals are the best conductors because of their free electrons.
    -In solids (Most liquids and gases are poor conductors)
  14. 14What happens to the free electrons in metals when heated?-Gain kinetic energy
    -Move through the metal transferring energy by colliding with other particles
  15. 15What are poor conductors called?Insulators
  16. 16Why are non-metals poor conductors?Because they do not contain free electrons so can't readily transfer their energy by heating.
  17. 17Why are materials that trap air good insulators?Because air is a poor conductor so materials that trap air are good insulators.
  18. 18What is convection and where does it occur? Why doesn't it occur in the other state?-The circulation of a fluid caused by heating it.
    -It occurs in fluids (liquids and gases)
    -It does not occur in solids because the particles are held in a fixed position and are not able to flow.
  19. 19What happens when a fluid is heated and why?-When a fluid is heated it expands. Fluid becomes less dense and rises. Warm fluid is replaced by cooler, denser fluid. Results in a convection current which transfers energy throughout the fluid.
    -When it becomes less dense it expands (Same mass of material in a larger volume)
  20. 20What is condensation? What effects the rate of condensation?-When a gas turns into a liquid. Often takes place on cold surfaces such as windows and mirrors.
    -Rate of condensation is increased by:
    Increasing the surface area
    Reducing the surface temperature
  21. 21Why does evaporation take place? Why does it cause cooling?Because the most energetic liquid molecules escape from the liquids surface and enter the air. The average kinetic energy of remaining molecules is less so the temperature of the liquid decreases. Evaporation causes cooling.
  22. 22What is evaporation? What factors effect the rate of evaporation?-When a liquid turns into a gas (transfer of energy at the surface of a liquid)
    -Rate of evaporation increased by:
    Increasing surface area of liquid
    Increasing temperature of liquid
    Creating a draught of air across the liquid surface
  23. 23What does the rate of energy transfer depend on?-The shape, size and type of material of the object
    -The materials the object is in contact with
    -The temperature differences between the objects and its surroundings
  24. 24The greater the temperature difference between an object and its surroundings, the _______ the rate at which energy is transferred.Greater
  25. 25What do U-values measure? What does a lower U-value mean?-How effective a particular material is as an insulator by telling us how much energy
    -The better the material is as an insulator.
  26. 26To maximise the rate of energy transfer to keep things cool we use things that...-Are good conductors
    -Are painted dull black
    -Have the air flow around them maximised
  27. 27To minimise the rate of energy transfer to keep things warm we minimise... To do this we may use things that...-The transfer of energy by conduction, convection and radiation
    -Are good insulators, are white and shiny and prevent convection current
    ~s by trapping air in small pockets
  28. 28The greater the mass of an object, the ______ its temperature increases when heated.More slowly
  29. 29What is specific heat capacity?The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.
  30. 30The greater the specific heat capacity, the ____ energy required for each degree temperature change.More
  31. 31What is a sankey diagram?Sankey diagrams summarise all the energy transfers taking place in a process. The thicker the line or arrow, the greater the amount of energy involved.
  32. 32What can you do to minimise the rate of energy transfer out of your home?-Fibre glass loft insulation
    -Cavity wall insulation
    -Double glazing
    -Draught proofing
    -Aluminium foil behind radiators
  33. 33How does fibreglass loft insulation minimise the rate of energy transfer out of your home?Reduces energy transfer by conduction
  34. 34How does cavity wall insulation minimise the rate of energy transfer out of your home?Traps air in small pockets to reduce energy transfer by convection
  35. 35How does double glazing minimise the rate of energy transfer out of your home?Reduces energy transfer by conduction through windows
  36. 36How does draught proofing minimise the rate of energy transfer out of your home?Reduces energy transfer by convection
  37. 37How does aluminium foil behind radiators minimise the rate of energy transfer out of your home?Reflects infrared radiation back into the room
  38. 38What are solar heating panels and how do they work? What are the advantages and disadvantages?-They contain water that is heated by radiation from the sun. This water may be used to heat buildings or provide domestic hot water.
    -Cheap to run because they do not use fuel but expensive to buy and install and water is not heated/don't work at night.
  39. 39How does a vacuum flask reduce the rate of energy transfer?-Inside surfaces silvered to reflect heat radiation
    -Vacuum to prevent heat loss by conduction and convection
    -Rubber stopper is an insulator to prevent heat loss by conduction and convection
  40. 40Give examples of some forms energy exists and name three forms of stored energyLight, sound, kinetic, nuclear, electrical, gravitational potential, elastic potential, chemical
    (last three are forms of stored energy)
  41. 41When an object falls and gains speed, its _______ energy decreases and its _______ energy increases.Gravitational potential
    Kinetic
  42. 42What does Most Kids Hate Learning GCSE Energy Names stand for?-Magnetic, Kinetic, Heat, Light, Gravitational potential, Chemical, Sound, Electrical, Elastic potential, Nuclear
  43. 43Energy cannot be ____ or _____ only _____ from one form to another or one place to another.Created or destroyed
  44. 44Total amount of energy is always _____. This is called _______.-The same
    -Conservation of energy
  45. 45What happens when you burn fuel?Chemical energy in the fuel is transferred to the surroundings which gets warmer.
  46. 46At which point does a pendulum reach its maximum GPE and KE?KE: Middle
    GPE: Furthest right and left
  47. 47What is a machine?Something that transfers energy from one place to another or from one form to another.
  48. 48What is wasted and useful energy?Useful energy is energy in the place we want it and in the form we need it. Wasted energy is energy that is not useful energy.
  49. 49What happens as energy spreads out?It gets more and more difficult to use for further energy transfers.
  50. 50What happens with both useful and wasted energy?They both are eventually transferred to surroundings and make them warm up.
  51. 51Why is energy often wasted?Because of the friction between the moving parts of the machine which warms up the machine and the surroundings.
  52. 52What measures can be made to make a machine more efficient?Reducing:
    -Friction
    -Air resistance
    -Electrical Resistance
    -Noise due to vibrations
  53. 53What does the efficiency of a device refer to?The proportion of energy or power that is usefully transferred.
  54. 54What is energy measured in?joules (J)
  55. 55No appliance can be 100% efficient except..?An electrical heater
  56. 56What do electrical appliances do and examples?Transfer energy into useful energy at the flick of a switch. Heating, lighting, making objects move and creating sound and visual images.
  57. 57What is the unit of power?Watt (W)
  58. 58What is the power of an appliance?The rate at which it transfers energy.
  59. 59What is amount of energy used measured in?kilowatt-hour (kWh)
  60. 60What do we need to consider when comparing the cost effectiveness of different appliances?-The cost of buying the appliance
    -The cost of installing the appliance
    -The running cost
    -The maintenance costs
    -Environmental costs
    -The interest charged on a loan to buy the appliance
  61. 61What is the payback time?The time it takes for an appliance or installation to pay for itself in terms of energy savings.
  62. 62What are electricity generators in power stations driven by?Turbines
  63. 63Give three examples of fossil fuels.Coal, oil and natural gas.
  64. 64What is used as the fuel in a nuclear power station?Uranium or plutonium
  65. 65What are biofuels?Renewable sources of energy which can generate electricity. They are any fuel obtained from living or recently living organisms.
  66. 66Uranium is not burned in a nuclear power station, what process does the energy come from?Nuclear fission
  67. 67How does water and steam produce energy?The water is heated to produce steam. This steam drives a turbine which is coupled to an electrical generator that produces the electricity.
  68. 68How are fossil fuels obtained?From long-dead biological material.
  69. 69What are the differences between nuclear and fossil-fuel power stations?Nuclear power stations do not release any greenhouse gases like fossil-fuel power stations. More energy is release per kg of uranium undergoing fission reactions than for each kg of fossil fuel that we burn. Nuclear power stations produce radioactive waste that must be safely stored for a long period of time.
  70. 70How do we get energy from the wind?By using a wind turbine, the wind passing over the blades makes them rotate drives an electricity generator at the top of a tall tower.
  71. 71How do we get energy from waves?Waves generate electricity by driving a floating turbine that turns a generator. The electricity is then delivered to the grid system on shore by a cable.
  72. 72How do we get energy from the tide?The level of the sea around the coastline rises and falls twice each day and these are tides. If a barrage is build across the estuary the water at each high tide can be trapped behind it. When the water is released to fall down to lower sea level it drives the turbine.
  73. 73How can we produce energy from water?Hydroelectric power
    At a hydroelectric power station, water is collected in a reservoir and is allowed to flow downhill and turn turbines at the bottom of the hill.
  74. 74What is a pumped storage system?Surplus electricity is used at times of low demand to pump water back up the hill to the top reservoir. The energy is stored. At times of high demand the water can be released to fall through the turbines and transfer the stored energy to electrical energy.
  75. 75How does solar energy from the sun travel through space to the earth?As electromagnetic radiation.
  76. 76What do solar cells do?Transfer solar energy directly into electricity.
  77. 77Where does geothermal energy come from?Inside the earth.
  78. 78How is geothermal energy produced?By radioactive processes in side the earth which heats the surrounding rock.
  79. 79What is carbon capture and why is it important?Prevents carbon dioxide building up in the atmosphere. It is a rapidly evolving technology that involves separating carbon dioxide from waste gases. The carbon dioxide is then stored underground, for example in old oil fields or gas fields such as those found under the North Sea.
  80. 80Which gas, released by burning coal, causes acid rain?Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
  81. 81What is The National Grid?It is how electricity is distributed from power stations to our homes. It is a network of pylons and cables that connect power stations to buildings. The whole country is connected to this system and power stations can be switched in and out the grid according to demand.
  82. 82What are the advantages and disadvantages of overhead cables compared to underground cables?-Fewer problems with vegetation, automobile accidents, lightning, or vandalism
    - Lower cost of construction
    - Lower repair cost
    - No potential risk from careless digging
  83. 83What are transformers for?A transformer is an electrical device that changes the voltage of an AC supply. A transformer changes a high-voltage supply into a low-voltage one, or vice versa.
  84. 84What are the differences between step up and step down transformers?A transformer that increases the voltage is called a step-up transformer. (Transmissions at high voltage reduce energy wasted in cables)
    A transformer that decreases the voltage is called a step-down transformer (Dangerous if higher)
  85. 85What is the mains voltage in homes?230V
  86. 86What is the base load demand?Constant amount of electricity generated by power stations
  87. 87What power stations have the longest and shortest start up times?Longest-Nuclear
    Shortest-Gas-fired
  88. 88Give some examples of biofuels.Methane from waste
    Ethanol from fermented sugar cane
    Nutshells
  89. 89What do we use waves for?To transfer energy and to transfer information
  90. 90Describe transverse waves.The oscillation of the particles is perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels. All electromagnetic waves are transverse.
  91. 91Describe longitudinal waves.The oscillation of the particles is parallel to the direction of travel of the wave. It is made up of compressions and rarefactions. A sound wave is a longitudinal wave.
  92. 92Describe electromagnetic waves.(e.g light waves and radio waves)
    They can travel through a vacuum. There are no particles moving in an electromagnet wave as these waves are oscillations in electric and magnetic fields.
    Transverse waves.
  93. 93Describe mechanical waves.(e.g waves on springs and sound waves)
    Travel through a medium (substance)
    May be transverse or longitudinal
  94. 94What is the amplitude of a wave?The height of the wave crest or the depth of the wave trough from the position at rest.
  95. 95The greater the amplitude of a wave the ______ energy it carriesMore
  96. 96What is the wavelength?For any wave, its wavelength is the distance from one wave crest to the next wave crest. This is the same as the distance from one wave trough to the next wave trough.
  97. 97What is the frequency of a wave? What unit is frequency measured in?The number of wave crests passing a point in one second.
    hertz Hz
  98. 98What does the law of reflection state?The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
  99. 99Angles are always measured...Between the light ray and the normal
  100. 100What is the normal at a point on a surface?A line drawn perpendicular to the mirror at the point where the incidence ray hits the mirror.
  101. 101What is the angle of incidence?The angle between the incidence ray and the normal.
  102. 102The image in a plane mirror is...-the same size as the object
    -upright
    -the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front
    -virtual
  103. 103What is a real image?One that can be formed on a screen because the rays of light that produce the image actually pass through it.
  104. 104What is a virtual image?Cannot be formed on a screen because the rays of light that produce the image can only appear to pass through it.
  105. 105What is refraction of light?The change of direction of a light ray when it crosses a boundary between two transparent substances.
  106. 106If the speed is reduced, refraction is...Towards the normal
    (e.g air to glass)
  107. 107If speed is increased, refraction is...Away from the normal
    (e.g glass into air)
  108. 108Why does refraction take place?Because waves change speed when they cross a boundary
  109. 109What is dispersion?When white light passes through a prism, it is dispersed and the different colours of the spectrum separate. Dispersion causes rainbows.
  110. 110The ray of light travelling along the normal...is not refracted
  111. 111What colour light is refracted the most and the least?The most-Violet light
    The least-Red light
  112. 112What is diffraction?The spreading out of waves when they pass through a gap or round the edge of an obstacle.
  113. 113The narrower the gap the ____ the diffraction.Greater
  114. 114What happens if radio waves do not diffract enough when they go over hills?Radio and TV reception will be poor
  115. 115What causes sound and how does it travel?Mechanical vibrations in a substance and travels as a wave.
  116. 116What state does sound travel fastest and slowest through?Slowest-Gas
    Fastest-Solid
  117. 117What type of waves are sound waves?Longitudinal
  118. 118What is the frequency range of a normal human ear?About 20Hz to 20kHz
  119. 119What do sound waves need to travel?A medium. They cannot travel through a vacuum.
  120. 120What are reflections of sounds called?Echoes
  121. 121What are the conditions for reflecting sound?Only hard, flat surfaces reflect sound as soft things absorb sounds.
  122. 122The pitch of a note increases if...The frequency of the sound wave increases
  123. 123The loudness of a note depends on...The amplitude of the sound waves
  124. 124Vibrations created in an instrument when it is played produce...Sound waves
  125. 125What shows the differences in waveforms?An Oscilloscope
  126. 126The greater the amplitude...The more energy the wave carries and the louder the sound
  127. 127What do tuning forks and signal generators produce?Pure waveforms
  128. 128The electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing wavelength and uses...Gamma Radiation
    X-Rays
    Ultraviolet Radiation (Sunbeds)
    Light/Visible
    Infrared (Remotes, Grills, Heaters)
    Microwaves (Mobile, Satellite, Cooking)
    Radio (TV&Radio Signals)
  129. 129What are electromagnetic radiations?Electric and magnetic disturbances that travel as waves and move energy from place to place.
  130. 130What is the relationship between wavelengths and frequency on the electromagnetic spectrum?The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency
  131. 131The higher the frequency of an electromagnetic wave...The more energy it transfers
  132. 132What is reflection?When a wave strikes a surface and it changes direction.
  133. 133White light...Contains all the colours of the spectrum
  134. 134What is visible light?The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is detected by our eyes.
  135. 135What is used for communication?Visible light, radiation, microwaves and radiowaves
  136. 136What is bad about microwave radiation and radio waves?They penetrate your skin and are absorbed by body tissue. This can heat internal organs and may damage them.
  137. 137What will happen if your skin absorbs too much infrared radiation?It will burn
  138. 138What are optical fibres and what are they used for?They are very thin fibres used to transmit signals by light and infrared radiation.
  139. 139What is the radio and microwave spectrum divided into?Different bands used for different communication purposes.
  140. 140The shorter the wavelength of the waves the _____ information they carry, the ______ their range, the _____ they spread outMore
    Shorter
    Less
  141. 141What is the Doppler effect?The apparent change in the frequency of a wave caused by relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer.
  142. 142When the source moves away from the observer...The observed wavelength increases and the frequency decreases
  143. 143What are galaxies?A large collection of stars.
  144. 144What is red-shift?When a light source moves away from you, the observed wave length increases and the frequency decreases.
    The opposite is blue-shift and would indicate that a galaxy is moving towards us.
  145. 145The further away the galaxy...The bigger the red-shift.
  146. 146Red shift gives us evidence that...The universe is expanding outwards in all directions because distant galaxies are moving away from us and the most distant galaxies are moving fastest.
    Supports the big bang theory.
  147. 147How do we know the universe is expanding?Because all the distant galaxies are moving away from us.
  148. 148Light is shifted towards...The red end of the spectrum
  149. 149What is The Big Bang Theory?The theory that the universe started with a massive explosion at a very small initial point.
  150. 150What is CMBR?Cosmic Background Radiation.
    Electromagnetic radiation created just after the big bang.
  151. 151What is the only way to explain the existence of CMBR?The Big Bang Theory
  152. 152What is the unit for specific heat capacity?J/kg degrees Celsius
  153. 153—

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GCSE Physics (P1) Flashcards on P1, created by ruthkeat on 21/02/2016.
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