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Flashcards

Cardiovascular

reynoldslaura English 87 cards

Cards in this deck (87)

  1. 1is the internal or external elastic lamina more prominent?Internal!
  2. 2Why is the elastic lamellae in elastic arteries fenestrated?To allow nutrients to diffuse in and reach the smooth muscle cells and other cells in the tunica media
  3. 3In what tissues do we find fenestrated capillaries?In tissues where there is molecular exchange with the blood e.g. villi of the small intestine and the kidneys
  4. 4In what tissues are continuous capillaries found?They are the main type of capillaries found in most body tissues e.g. lung, muscle, CNS
  5. 5In what tissues do we find discontinuous capillaries?In the liver and spleen. They have large open pores that allow big molecules to get through- potentially even cells
  6. 6Where are veins with valves found?In the lower limbs (absent from thorax, brain and abdomen)
  7. 7Give an example of a vein that has several layers of smooth muscle in its tunica media.Vena cava or renal veins
  8. 8What type of blood vessels have muscular arteries?All major blood vessels except ones serving or near the heart
  9. 9Give an example of an elastic artery?The aorta
  10. 10Where does an atheroma start?In the tunia intima
  11. 11What are 'vasa vasorum' ?'vessels of vessels' - These are very small arteries which give rise to a capillary network within the tunica adventitia that supply the tissue in the walls of very large blood vessels e.g. the aorta
  12. 12Approximately what percentage of blood is found in veins and venules?Around 70% (the walls are thinner and less rigid than arteries so can hold more blood)
  13. 13What percentage of blood is found in the systemic arteries?Approximately 10%
  14. 14What are the dimensions of a capillary?0.8mm x 6micrometers
  15. 15What does the tunica intima consist of?Endothelium and loose connective tissue
  16. 16What does the tunica media consist of?Smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, elastin and collagen
  17. 17What does the tunica adventicia consist of?Internal and external elastic lamellae
  18. 18Where are volume receptors located?In the walls of the cardiac atria
  19. 19What is the raphe nucleus?Its a specialised region in the medulla that has an inhibitory output to pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres
  20. 20What controls total peripheral resistance?Arterioles and precapillary sphincters
  21. 21What is the long term regulator of blood pressure?The kidneys- monitoring via extracellular volume and composition of blood and via hormonal mechanisms e.g. antidiuretic hormone
  22. 22What type of blood pressure regulator is the baroreceptor reflex?It is a short term regulator. It is concerned with the minute to minute regulation of arterial blood pressure
  23. 23The baroreceptors detect an increase in arterial blood pressure. What happens next?Their afferents will inc. their discharge to the brainstem where it elicits an inhibition of sympathetic activity to the heart and vessels and an inc. in parasymp. activity to the heart etc.
  24. 24What percentage of circulating blood is found in the capillaries?5%
  25. 25What is the function of baroreceptors and where are they found?Baroreceptors monitor high pressure and feed back to the meduola oblongata. They are found in the elastic walls of the carotid arteries and the arch of the aorta
  26. 26When does metabolic or active hyperemia occur?When metabolic by-products cause vasodilation and therefore increase blood flow
  27. 27Give three examples of metabolic by-products.Any three from;
    K+, lactic acid, CO2, H+
  28. 28How can the diameter of blood vessels be controlled intrinsically?Either by metabolic by-products causing vasodilation or by the myogenic response (controlled by heart muscle cells)
  29. 29What is the diameter of arterioles?5-100µm
  30. 30What is the diameter of capillaries?5-10µm
  31. 31Where are arteriovenous anastomoses found?In the fingers, palms and ear lobes
  32. 32Name two extrinsic controllers of blood vessels.Autonomic nervous system and hormones
  33. 33What effect does angiotensin II have on blood vessel diameter?It causes vasoconstriction
  34. 34What effect does adrenalin have on blood vessel diameter?It causes vasodilation
  35. 35What effect does vasopressin have on blood vessel diameter?It causes vasoconstriction
  36. 36What effect does ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) have on blood vessel diameter?It causes vasodilation
  37. 37What is total peripheral resistance?The sum of the resistance of all peripheral vasculature in the systemic circulation
  38. 38Does pulse pressure apply to capillaries?NO! by the time blood has reached the capillaries it's at very low pressure and it meets walls of capillaries with considerable resistance. There is no difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
  39. 39How do we calculate blood pressure?Total peripheral resistance x cardiac output
  40. 40How do we calculate mean arterial pressure?Diastolic + 1/3 of pulse pressure
  41. 41What is the normal value for diastolic pressure?80mmHg
  42. 42What is the normal value for systolic pressure?120mmHg
  43. 43What is the normal value for pulse pressure?40mmHg, although it can be higher if there is atherosclerosis
  44. 44How do you calculate pulse pressure?It is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. It is usually around 40mmHg but it is higher if there is atherosclerosis
  45. 45What's the normal value for mean arterial pressure?It is usually 90-95 mmHg. Females have lower than average arterial pressures
  46. 46What causes the dicrotic notch?The left ventricle relaxing causing the aortic valve to snap shut which creates a small surge in aortic pressure before it falls again. The dichrotic notch occurs later and later as we look down the arterial tree
  47. 47Define venous returnThe volume of blood returning to the heart from the central veins every minute
  48. 48Define cardiac outputThe volume of blood pumped out from one ventricle each minute
  49. 49Name two factors that affect end-diastolic volume.Intrathoracic pressure and central venous pressure
  50. 50What is the equation for ejection fraction?Ejection fraction= stroke volume÷end diastolic volume
  51. 51Name three methods which we can use to measure cardiac output or stroke volume and heart rate.1. Fick's principle
    2. Pulsed ultrasound
    3. Dilution methods (rapid injection of dye and following the rate of dilution)
  52. 52Equation for cardiac outputcardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
  53. 53What is Starling's Law"the energy of contraction of the ventricle is a function of the initial length of the muscle fibres comprising its walls"
  54. 54How do we calculate stroke volume?end diastolic volume-end systolic volume
  55. 55What is the typical value for stroke volume?70ml
  56. 56What is the typical value for end diastolic volume?130ml
  57. 57What is the typical value for end systolic volume?60ml
  58. 58How do we calculate perfusion pressure?Arterial pressure-venous pressure
  59. 59How do we calculate blood flow?perfusion pressure ÷ vascular resistance
  60. 60What is the flow of blood driven by?The difference in pressure between arteries and veins
  61. 61What does Poiseuille's law describe?The flow of fluid through tubes. For a given flow rate, blood velocity varies inversely with cross sectional area. (Larger the cross sectional area, the lower the velocity)
  62. 62What is the equation for the law of Laplace?P=T/r
    Where P is pressure, T is tension in the blood vessel wall and r is the radius
  63. 63What are the three layers of large blood vessels?Tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventicia
    (All blood vessels have a tunica intima, just consists of endothelial cells)
  64. 64What is the function of an anatomose?They directly connect arterioles to venules
  65. 65What are they key differences between a cardiac action potential at the ventricle and one at the SAN?Phase 0- depolarisation is less steep
    Phase 1- isn't present
    Phase 2 and 3- have a brief plateau and repolarisation is less steep
    Phase 4 -is the PACEMAKER potential and it is an unstable resting potential
  66. 66Where do you place limb lead II?Positive electrode on the left leg and the negative electrode on the right arm
  67. 67How long does one cardiac cycle last for?0.8 seconds
  68. 68How long does diastole last for?0.4 seconds
  69. 69Where does the sympathetic nerve supply to the heart come from?The epicardial plexus
  70. 70Where does the parasympathetic nerve supply to the heart come from ?Vagus nerve CN X
  71. 71What neurotransmitter is released via the parasympathetic neurons and what receptor do they act on?Neurotransmitter released is acetylcholine and it acts on M2 muscarininc receptors to slow down heart rate at the SAN and AVN
  72. 72What neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic neurons and what receptors does it act on in the heart?The neurotransmitter released is Noradrenaline which acts on the B1 and also on the B2 and a1 receptors to increase heart rate at the SAN and AVN and the force of contraction in the ventricles
  73. 73Name three differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle1. Cardiac muscle cells are much smaller
    2. Cardiac muscle cells are connected via desmosomes and gap junctions
    3. Cardiac muscle cells have long contractions e.g. 200ms
  74. 74What is the conduction velocity of the AVN?0.05ms
  75. 75What is the conduction velocity of the sino-atrial node?1ms
  76. 76What is the conduction velocity of the purkinje fibres?5ms
  77. 77What is the conduction velocity of the bundle of his?1ms
  78. 78What is the physiological significance of the 0.1s delay at the AVN?It allows the atria to have ejected all their blood into the ventricles before the contract. This protects the ventricles from an excessively fast rate response to atrial arrhythmias
  79. 79Where do you place limb lead III?The positive electrode on the left leg and the negative electrode on the left arm
  80. 80What does limb lead one record?It records the excitation moving between the left and right hand sides of the heart
  81. 81What are the potential changes in the heart and how do they differ to surface potential recordings?In the heart,potential changes are 120mv, almost 100 times greater than the surface potential recordings (1-2mv)
  82. 82How long does the P wave last for?0.08 seconds
  83. 83What does the P wave correspond to?Atrial depolarisation prior to contraction
  84. 84What does the QRS complex correspond to?Ventricular depolarisation
  85. 85What does the T wave correspond to?Ventricular repolarisation
  86. 86When does atrial repolarisation occur?During ventricular depolarisation however it is masked by the QRS complex
  87. 87How long does the QRS complex last for?100ms, it is very large

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Flashcards on Cardiovascular, created by reynoldslaura on 30/04/2013.
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reynoldslaura
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