Theory/Theorists

Question	Answer
Laura Mulvey	Films represent women as passive objects of male desire.
John Berger	"Men looks, Women appear." Women are there solely for the objectification of women within all platforms.
Bell Hooks	Lighter skinned women are seen as more desirable, conforming to Western ideology of beauty.
Liberal Pluralist view of the Media	Liberal Pluralists defend the role of the mass media against the charges of Marxists. They see the mass media as having a generally beneficial role in contemporary society, this doesn't mean they believe the media is beyond criticism.
Marxist view of the Media.	The media are a major tool in this constant power constant. Media are more than just channels for communication, media are ideological agencies. - they play a central role in maintaining class domination. - they reinforce the dominant social norms and values.
What is globalization?	Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations.
What is 'primary media'?	Media, such as films, that demand close and concentrated attention from the audience.
What is 'secondary media'?	Media, such as radio or some TV programs, provide background for an audience doing something else.
What is 'tertiary media'?	Media that is consumed by audiences who are almost unaware of their own engagement with the media, such as advertising or radio stations broadcasting in shops.
What did The Frankfurt School and the work of Adorno and Horkheimer both express?	Concern that cultural industries influences the political views of its audiences, especially when these texts were passively consumed by the audiences.
Gerbner (1956)	He suggests that messages do not just flow from the text to the audience, but instead there is another step in the process as audiences discuss the ideas they acquire from the media with each other. They may even debate and challenge the values and ideologies that the media conveys.
Time Well Spent (Tristan Harris)	Technology could enhance our lives rather than make it efficient. Technology could become 'humanity enhanced'.
What could be included as 'attention wars'?	- clickbait - churnalism - wikinomics
What is the 'Arab Springs'?	A series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across the Middle East in early 2011.
When was Web 2.0 created?	The term was first coined in 1999 by Darcy DiNucci but was popularised by Tim O'Reilly in 2004.
What is hegemony?	- Hegemony is the political, economic, ideological or cultural power influenced by a dominant group over other groups (The Establisment, Owen Jones). - Hegemony is challenged under Liberal Pluralism. - The hegemonies of the ruling class (the bourgeoisie) becomes the dominant ideology which influences the other classes (the proletariat) to do what the bourgeoisie one without complaint or issue. - First thought of by Antonio Gramsci.
What is Liberal Pluralism?	Liberal pluralism is the ideology in which people see the mass media as having a generally positive and beneficial role in contemporary society. This does NOT mean that they believe the media is beyond criticism. On the contrary, they would expect immediate be the subject of healthy debate and criticism.
Liberal Pluralist views on Mass Media:	Liberal pluralists believe that mass media as a positive and beneficial role in society. They believe that while the mass media is free to express themselves in any way, they serve an important democratic function by monitoring the activities of politicians and powerful institutions. Liberal pluralists also believe that to have a fair, democratic society, the public needs to be educated and well informed. Liberal pluralists believe that the mass media helps to achieve this by ensuring that people have a good understanding of issues and debates.
What is capitalism?	Capitalism is an economic and political system in which country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than state.
What are elites?	Small and powerful group of privileged individuals E.G.Rupert Murdoch.
What is The Establishment (Owen Jones)?	A group in a society exercising power and influence over matters of policy, opinion, or taste, and seen as resisting change.
What did Karl Marx believe?	Karl Marx believed that capitalism exploited workers to enrich elites. He also believed that capitalism was inherently unfair and that it would cause the economy to lurch from crisis to crisis. He also claimed that capitalism supported the ideology of the bourgeoisie (the bosses) versus the proletariat (the workers).
What was Karl Marx's book called?	Karl Marx's book was called Das Capital, and was a critique of capitalism, pointing out the exploitation of the proletariats in favour of the bourgeoisie gaining profit.
What is monopoly?	Monopoly is a single media organisation that dominates in a particular industry production either locally or nationally, such as Microsoft's dominance of the computer operating system is market.
What is Oligopoly?	Oligopoly is a small number of organisations that dominates an industry either locally or nationally, such as EMAP or IPC's dominance of the UK magazine industry.
What is multinationals?	Multinational organisations are organisations that have institutions.

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	Created by Eliza Riley almost 7 years ago