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Flashcards

Problem Solving (ID)

Dooney 207 Individual Differences English 55 cards

Cards in this deck (55)

  1. 1Who created the heuristic analytic theory?Evans (2006)
  2. 2How did Stanovich and West (1998) study computational limitations as the cause of normative gap? What did they find?Correlated scores against SAT scores, found positive and negative correlations across tasks. Can explain to some extent, as low still compute normative responses
  3. 3Who said experimenters base the normative model on what the majority do?Cohen (1981)
  4. 4What did Stanovich and West (2000) argue the normative model should be based on?Most cognitive able participants, as most competent make most errors in most tasks.
  5. 5What did Stanovich and West (1998) find in lower level cognitive ability participants?They are more likely to use wrong construals
  6. 6From the results of Stanovich and West, what seems the most feasible explanation of the normative description gap?Experimenter using wrong normative model, and computational differences
  7. 7What is system 1 of Stanovich and West (2000) dual-system framework?Interational intelligence; nonconcious, automatic, fact, associative, hositic, undemanding of cognitive ability, acquisition by biological, exposure and experience.
  8. 8What is system 2 of Stanovich and West (2000) dual-system framework?Analytic intelligence; conscious, controlled, slow, rule-based, analytic, demanding cognitive capacity, acquisition by culture and formal tution
  9. 9What kind of construals does the system 1 of the dual-system framework lead to?Contextuatised, personalized, socialized, driven by relevance, pragmatics, implication, lead to fundamental computational bias
  10. 10What kind of construals does the system 2 of the dual-system framework lead to?Decontectualised, depersonalized representations, can deal with abstract and asocial content
  11. 11Where does ability difference arise in the dual system model?When the two systems produce different answers, those with high cognitive skills can override system 1 with 2, those with lower cannot
  12. 12What are the dual systems based on?Evolution, system 1 being ancient, system 2 being modern
  13. 13How can the dual systems be used to explain the results of the abstract selection task?System 1 leads to matching bias, system 2 contextualization task construal. Problem with this even high ability have problem with task, no difference of ability
  14. 14What are the three types of dual processing people have developed?Type 1 vs type 2, implicit vs explicit, and heuristic vs analytic
  15. 15What did Stanovich and West (1998) find in regard to performance errors?Various correlations between tasks and biases, showing it is not random, and performance errors cannot explain gap
  16. 16What Evan's (2006) heuristic and analytic processes?Heuristic, creates a plausible or relevant model, analytic possibly intervenes
  17. 17What evidence is there for the heuristic-analytic theory?You can encourage people to think analytically
  18. 18What did Ball et al. (2003; 2005) find in relation to rationalizing and the abstract selection task, and thematic selection?Longer looking times when deciding, showing trying to rationalize answer
  19. 19Who found longer looking times at conflict problems in syllogistic reasoning (invalid-valid, or vice versa)?Stupple and Ball (2002)
  20. 20What did Stupple and Ball (2011) find in terms of ability difference and belief bias?Low ability more quick to respond, medium and high ability longer on conflict problems
  21. 21What has changing the font in belief tasks seen to do?Making it more disfluent makes participants more accurate
  22. 22Who studied the dual-system assumptions, using disfluent font to cue system 2? What was found in their four experiments?Alter et al. (2007), all found the disfluent font across different types of belief tasks had better accurary
  23. 23What is the cognitive reflection test?Intuitive responses are incorrect, correct answers need deliberate reconsideration
  24. 24Who found more correct answers on the cognitive reflection test with disfluent font over fluent?Frederick (2005)
  25. 25Who didn't find the disfluency effect on belief tasks in high level participants, but other evidence for the effect did it provide?Thompson et al., but participants did think for longer in disfluency, showing it produced type 2 thinking, which wasn't necessary.
  26. 26Who tested a large sample on a cognitive reserve task, again finding no effect of disfluency, and what did it suggest?Thompson et al., and that ability may have a role
  27. 27Who split an elite sample into four groups, looking at the disfluency effect and what was found?Thompson et al., lower two no disfluency effect, 3 big effect of disfluency, 4 it diminished (possibly ceiling effects)
  28. 28When Thompson et al. split a representative sample into four groups, what was found with the disfluency effect?Group 1 at disadvatnage, 2 disfluency lower but not significant, 3 no effect, 4 disfluency benefit but not significant. Was an interaction
  29. 29What is the taxicab problem?Hit and run, and there was a witness. Two taxi-firms in town, given percentage of each in town. Witness tested and given correct % of identified colour. Asked % of which taxi
  30. 30What is the normative gap?The gap between what people should do and what they actually do
  31. 31People demonstrate systematic errors and biases according to, what standards?Normative standards, which are prescriptive (logic, probabilities, etc)
  32. 32What is the problem with most problem solving tasks?Lack ecological validity
  33. 33What is Watson (1966) abstract selection task?4 cards (2 letters and 2 numbers), asked which ones to flip over to prove, or disprove. a rule, where a number will be on back of card of number
  34. 34What are the typical results of the abstract selection task?Participants will pick a card which the rule mentions, or both of them. This is matching biases.
  35. 35What happens in abstract selection task when 'not' is in the rule?More participants get it right, as matching bias answer is correct
  36. 36Who did a real world rule version of abstract selection task, using drinking laws, and what was found?Griggs and Cox (1982), found most people get it right
  37. 37What is Evans et al. (1983) logical reasoning with everyday contents?They are two arguments, with common terms, and a conclusion. The premise and conclusion vary in terms of being believable and not believable
  38. 38What is found in logical reasoning with everyday contents?When premise unbelievable but conclusion believable there is a high acceptance rate, when the premise is valid but conclusion is not, lower acceptance rate
  39. 39What is the self-test of your confidence in knowledge task?Meta-knowledge, you give two values, where you are 90% of the answer laying within.
  40. 40What are the typical results of the self-test of your confidence in knowledge task?People are poor at calculating, over estimate confidence and do a narrower 90% confidence interval.
  41. 41What is the probalisitic reasoning tasks created by Kahneman and Tversky (1973)?Engineer or lawyer, and taxi cab problems
  42. 42What is the engineer or lawyer problem, what are typical results?Participants asked probability a person is an engineer or lawyer, only given base rate information (which isn't 50%). Base tends to be ignored, and participants say 50%
  43. 43What is the rationality paradox?Despite having a rich language, sophisticated visual system, phenomenal problem solving abilities, there are errors and biases in thinking and reasoning
  44. 44What are the typical results of the taxicab problem?Participants ignore base rate, go with % witness correctly identified. Should be using a complex formula
  45. 45What is Tversky and Kahneman (1983) probabilistic reasoning about conjunctions?Linda problem, description of Linda then asked to rate how likely statements are about Linda. There are critical statements which are in conjunction
  46. 46What are the typical results of the Linda Problem?Participants rate the conjunction statements more likely, which is logically impossible
  47. 47What type of task is Kahneman and Tversky (1982) anchoring task? What is the task?Probabilistic reasoning, asked if there are more, or less, than 9 states in Africa, then asked to estimate things
  48. 48What are the typical results of the anchoring task?Less leads to lower estimates, more leads to higher estimates
  49. 49What are pseudodiganosticity and probabilistic reasoning tasks?Search for confirmation
  50. 50What was the task in Doherty et al. (1979)?List of statement descriptions of a pot, could have been from 2 island. People chose to uncover facts about each part, but separated by island, given one which is high %
  51. 51What were the results of Doherty et al. (1979)?Participants used up all choices uncovering facts from the example island, but the other always had higher %
  52. 52What were the four original explanations for the normative descriptive gap?Performance error, computational limitations, experimenter using wrong norm, subjects using different construal of task
  53. 53Who did a series of explanations to test the four original explanations for the normative gap?Stanovich and West (1998)
  54. 54Who said the original explanations of the normative descriptive gap ignore individual differences?Stanovich and West (2000)
  55. 55What did Stanovich and West (1998) look at with performance errors to see if it was a viable explanation?That there are not systematic errors, and it is random, no correlations.

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207 Individual Differences Flashcards on Problem Solving (ID), created by Dooney on 19/05/2013.
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Dooney
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