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Introduction

Language is a cognition that truly makes us human. Whereas other species do communicate with an innate ability to produce a limited number of meaningful vocalizations or even with partially learned systems, there is no other species known to date that can express infinite ideas (sentences) with a limited set of symbols (speech sounds and words).

THEORIES OF SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

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The Identity Hypothesis

Contrastive hypotesis

Monitor theory

Acculturation Model

Accomodation model

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Studies comparing learner language resulting from L1 and L2 acquisition

stating that the processes underlying the acquisition of the mother tongue and second language acquisition are essentially the same

The studies the hypothesis motivated aimed to establish the degree of uniformity between L1 and L2 acquisition

is a systematic study of comparison between two languages: the native language (L1) and the target language (L2).

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Researchers from the 1940s to the 1960s conducted contrastive analyses, systematically comparing two languages.

This interference is called the L1 interference. Contrastive analysis(CA) can predict these difficulties which a learner faces in learning the TL. In his classic work Linguistics Across Cultures, Robert Lado attributes our difficulties and errors in learning TL or a foreign language to the interference of our native language(NL) or mother language (L1).

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One of the most influential and most comprehensive theories in the field of SLA is the Monitor Model developed by Stephen Krashen (1977, 1981, 1982) in the 1970s and early 1980s.

The model was inspired by the results of research into the nature of interlanguage that proved the operation of developmental sequences on L2 acquisition.

Some parallels can also be drawn between the Monitor Model and Chomsky’s theory of language in the sense that both acknowledge the existence of a special innate faculty for language acquisition

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Explained Schumann’s (1978) research argues that social and psychological distance between the second language learner and the target language community is a major factor in determining the degree to which the language learner will acquire the target language without the development of pidginization.

The model proposed by Schumann includes the following eight social variables which affect the quality of contact that second language learners have with the target language community

1) Social dominance: When the English Language Learning (ELL) group is politically, culturally, technically, or economically superior to the target language (TL) group

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Often when people communicate, they will make a subconscious or even a conscious decision to adjust their speech so that it is more alike or less alike. This is known as accommodation

In this post, we will look at the following concepts related to accommodation

Speech convergence

Speech divergence

Speech convergence is when people speech starts to sound similar to each other. Often, this is a sign that the speakers are being polite to each other, like each other, and or when one speaker has the interest to please another

Speech divergence happens when people deliberately choose not to mirror each other speaking styles. The message that is sent when doing this is that the people communicating do not want to accommodate, seem polite, or perhaps that they do not like the people they are communicating with.

conclusion

However, finding a solid answer to the problem of language acquisition is far from being over. Our current understanding of the developmental process is still immature. Investigators of Universal Grammar are still trying to convince that language is a task too demanding to acquire without specific innate equipment, whereas the constructivist researchers are fiercely arguing for the importance of linguistic input.