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Parental investment- sex differences.

Most obvious sex difference in parental investment. M- can opt out of parental investment in a way females can not.

a large effort on courtship and mating, males in most

species can afford to devote little in parental care. (daly and Wilson.

Maternal- investment ^ than males. as females produce less eggs than males do sperm over their lifetime. Also, females have parental certainity.

When M do invest into offspring at risk of cuckoldry ( investing in offspring that's not theres. Miller- m have a greater concern than females about fidelity of mates

females need to invest more in response to adaptive pressures. As brain size ^ this resulted in more difficult childbirths due to skull size ^ To compensate children

are born relatively immature at 9 months compared to other animals. Females are therefore required to make a large investment pre-natal and post-natal. This is because females are required to care for the child during pregnancy for 9 months followed by care after infancy such as breastfeeding and carrying This investment is much higher in comparison to male who give minimal parental contribution.

Results in a enormous difference in potential maximum reproductive success of each sex. making random mating too costly.

F- unfaithful cuckoldry

m- unfaithful loss of recourses from her and family. sexual jealousy developed as evolution (BUSS)