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3.3.4 Mass transport

Tissue Fluid

Heart & Cardiac cycle

Haemglobin

Plants: Translocation and Transpiration

Formed by: Hydrostatic pressure & Oncotic pressure.

-Hydrostatic pressure is high at arteriole end of capillary causing net movement of fluid

- fluid secretes out of leaky endothelium cells into the surrounding tissue.

-Platlets, proteins are too big to diffuse out.

- returns to venous end.

Blood flow in Arterioles

Capillary bed Fluid secreted out in tissues and cells

Tissue exits through the venule down vein

Diffusion and active uptake in gas exchange of nurtrients

fluid enters through lymphatic system and turns to lymph as it passes lymph nodes

Lymph is returned to the blood system through the subclavian vein

Artery from heart: BP- very high. S-Small lumen, elastin fibres,smooth muscle collagen

Arterioles to heart: BP- high. S- Blood flow is restrcited at lumen contracts. small lumen

.Capillary: BP- low. S- cell is squamous very small lumen leaky endothelium

Veins: BP- lowest. S-opening/closing valves prevent backflow.

Venule: BP- lower. S- Elastic tissue. Thin collagen.

Transpiration: XYLEM

Translocation: PHLEOM

1) H+ ions are pumped out of companion cells actively using ATP.

2) H+ ions enter back to companion cells passively with sucrose through co-transport proteins

1) water evaporates from mesophyll layer and out stomata generating a water vapour gradient

2) Caspirian strips stop apoplast pathway. water moves through symplast

2) sucrose, H+ enter the sieve tube elements of phloem lowering water potential, water moves in through osmosis maintaining a hydrostatic pressure gradient. Mass flow generated

3) ion pumps pump ions lowering water potential cause water to move in along the cortex to the medulla through osmosis

Investigating plant transport

(tracer Experiment) Autoradiography: Isotope carbon 14 generates carbon 12 Makes CO2 for photosynthesis. Photographic film used to detect the flow of sugars

(Ring Experiment) Wood: Bark of wood with phloem is removed. Top of log is swelling bottom part is dying. No transportation of sugars as phloem was removed

Blood flow in Heart

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Pulmonary artery

lungs

pulmonary vein

left atrium

Lungs, kidneys, intestines,

Arota

Left ventricle

Vena Cava

Heart rate

1) Electrical impulse travel through SLV through atria. Increasing its pressure. Atrium systole

2) Electrical impulse travel through bundle of His and through Purkinje fibres. High pressure. Ventricle systole

Ventricle Pressure

Arotic Pressure

Atrial pressure: Lower pressure excerted due to thin walls

Ventricle Volume