Heart failure

Heart failure

1. Shortness of breath

   • known medically as dyspnea — is often described as an intense tightening in the chest, air hunger or a feeling of suffocation.
   • causes
   • Types
     • Orthopnea
       • is the sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing.
     • Paroxysmal nocturnal Dyspnea
       • is a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep.

2. edema

3. Compensatory Mechanisms

4. CHF

   • Types of heart failure
   • Patho-physiology
     • The heart muscle has reduced contractility reduction in cardiac output inadequate to meet the peripheral demands of the body.
       • The 4 primary determinants of left ventricular (LV) performance are generally altered as follows:
         • There is an intrinsic decrease in muscle contractility.
           • Although systemic blood pressure is often reduced, there is an increase in systemic vascular resistance (afterload) reduce cardiac output
         • Preload or left atrial filling pressure is increased pulmonary congestion and dyspnea.
           • Heart rate is generally increased as part of a compensatory mechanism associated with an increase in sympathetic tone and circulating catecholamines.
   • -sided heart failure
   • Causes
     • Coronary artery disease Past heart attack (myocardial infarction) High blood pressure (hypertension or HBP) Abnormal heart valves  Heart muscle disease (dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) or inflammation (myocarditis) congenital heart disease Severe lung disease Diabetes
   • Signs and Symptoms
     • Rapid or irregular heartbeat Reduced ability to exercise Persistent cough or wheezing with white or pink blood-tinged phlegm Sudden weight gain from fluid retention Chest pain if your heart failure is caused by a heart attack
   • Risk factors
     • High blood pressure. . Narrowed arteries Heart attack. . Diabetes. Having diabetes . Some diabetes medications.  Certain medications. (NSAIDs) Irregular heartbeats. These abnormal rhythms, especially if they are very frequent and fast, can weaken the heart muscle and cause heart failure.
   • Physical examination
     • Cardiovascular examination consists of: Introduction General inspection Palpation Auscultation Completing the examination
   • Investigations
     • Echocardiography
       • Echocardiography showing dilated chambers of the heart
     • electrocardiography
     • Chest x ray examination
   • prognosis
   • Complications
     • Kidney damage or failure. Heart valve problems. Heart rhythm problems. Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias) Liver damage.

5. treatment

   • Lifestyle Changes for Heart Failure
     • Quitting smoking. Losing or maintaining weight. Tracking daily fluid intake. Avoiding alcohol. Avoiding or limiting caffeine. Eating a heart-healthy diet Being physically active
   • Pharmacological

6. Psychology

   • Anxiety, depression and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) are common conditions and often occur together
     • Depression is associated with an unhealthy lifestyle People with depression are generally poorer at taking their prescribed medication

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