Ice on the Land

Ice on the Land

1. Last Ice Age

   • 2 million years ago
   • 30% of earth under ice
   • Ended 10,000 years ago

2. Local Ice Coverage

   • Glacial Budget
     • net increase or decrease
     • Forming - Melting
   • Zone of Accumulation
     • Top of Valley glacier
     • More falling than melting
       • Amount of Ice increases
   • Zone of Abolation
     • End of valley glacier
     • Moves as glacier retreats
     • More Melting than forming
       • Ice amounts decrease
   • Sign of a glacier in the UK
     • Terminal Morrian
       • Tadcaster
     • Drumlins
       • West Coast
     • Erosional Landforms
     • Ice Sheet Erosion
       • Highland Scotland

3. Terms

   • Glacial Period
     • Cold/Freezing
   • Interglacial Period
     • Warm/melting
   • Climate Shift
     • Dramatic Change
     • Causes
       • Volcanic Eruption
       • Greenhouse effect
       • Sunspot Activity
       • Change in ocean currents
   • Firn Ice
     • Compressed Snow
   • Glacial Ice
     • Compress Firn Ice
     • Blue
   • Snow Line
     • Above which Snow remains all year
   • Valley Glacier
     • Top of Young Fold Mountains
     • Ice due to altitude
     • Faster
   • Ice Sheet
     • Examples
       • Greenland
     • Flat, due to latitude

4. Movement Landforms

   • Lateral Morrain
     • Sides of Glacier
       • Deposited
       • Eroded From
   • Medial Morrain
     • Middle
     • 2 merged
   • Ground Morrain
     • Underneath Glacier
     • Seen when Retreat
     • Over Till
   • Terminal Morrain
     • Buldozed
     • End/abolation
     • Dam for Ribbon Lake

5. Changes to Landscape

   • Erosion
     • Plucking
       • Ice freezes around Rock
       • Glacier moves
         • Takes Rock
       • Increases Abrasion
     • Abrasion
       • Gauges Valley
       • Caused by Rock underneath
       • Scratches Ground
   • Weathering
     • Freeze Thaw
       • Into Cracks & freezes
       • Water Expands + causes weakness
       • Rock Chips and shatters
     • Ice moves as one solid, cracks form
   • Movement & Transportation
     • Rotational Slip
       • Obstacle causes upward movement
       • Pressure moves other side up
     • Buldozing
       • Material pushed in front of glacier
       • Terminal Morrain
   • Deposition
     • Overloaded Glacier, deposit
     • Glacial till
     • Bolder Clay

6. Erosional Landforms

   • U-shaped Trough
     • Formed by valley Glacier
     • Steep sides, flat bottom
     • misfit stream
   • Arête
     • Sharp Ridge
     • Two valleys back to back
     • Steep on sides
   • Corrie
     • Hollow at top of Valley
     • Freeze Thaw
     • plucking
     • Snow causes rotational slip
   • Pyramedal Peak
     • 3 arêtes
     • Highest point
   • Misfit Stream
     • bottom of U-shaped trough
     • thin
   • Hanging Valley
     • Small Tributary Glacier
       • suspended
     • less ice, less deep
     • Waterfalls
   • Truncated Spur
     • end cut off by glacier
     • Interlocking to edge of glacier
   • Ribbon Lake
     • Narrow
     • fill bottom of valley
     • Terminal Morrain
       • Natural Dam
   • Glacial Till
     • sediment deposited as retreats
     • Ground + Terminal Morrain
     • Bolder Clay
   • Drumlins
     • Elongated hill
     • Larger at Head
     • Groups of Drumlins
     • West Coast UK
   • Erratics
     • Rock deposited on different Rock
     • Large Bolders

7. Glacial Retreat

   • Problems
     • Not enough snow for Skiing
       • Unsustainable Sport
     • Tourists Unimpressed
     • Pontresina
       • 80m retreat in 2003
         • Supplies Resovoir
         • Usually 0.5 metres
   • Social Impacts
     • Diversification
       • Skiing Unsustainable
       • Out migration
     • Avalanches
       • Pontresina
         • Could be destroyed
   • Environmental Impact
     • Artificial Snow
       • Courmayeur/Geves
       • From Lake - destroys habitat
       • 2007 Hamenkamm
         • From other mountains
         • Damage Ecosystem
     • Increased Risk of Avalanches
   • Economic Impact
     • Banks won’t lend below 1500m
       • Bad for small businesses
     • Threatens Jobs
       • Kitzbuehel
         • Hamenkamm cancelled 2007
           • Snow cost 300000 euros
           • 800m

8. Courmayeur

   • Human Uses & Problems
     • WInter: skiing, Summer: hiking.
     • Scenary
       • Mont Blanc
     • Culture
       • Historic Village
       • Après Ski
     • Transport Links
       • Geneva
       • Milan
       • Turin
       • Mont Blanc Tunnel
   • Impacts of Tourism
     • Social
       • less out migration
       • locals use facilities
       • high house prices
       • dilutes culture
       • Peak - tourists 3:1
     • Economic
       • jobs for locals
       • transport
       • serivces
         • water
         • power
         • shopping
       • local farms loose land
       • seasonal unemployment
     • Environmental
       • Awareness of environment
       • visual pollution
         • lifts, runs, houses
       • vegetation stripped
       • more cars; more acid rain
   • Potencial Risks
     • global warming = less snow
     • artificial snow
       • wasteful
       • harmful
       • Soil erosion
       • Avalanches
         • noise
         • vibration
     • Human Problems
       • 1.5 million people on lifts per hour
         • Accidents
   • Management Strategies
     • Shuttle Buses
       • less traffic
       • less pollution
     • Train Link
       • 1 in 6 tourist use it
     • New slopes follies natural terrain
     • Additives in fake snow banned

9. Pontresina, Switserland

   • Frost melting on Mount Schaftberg
   • creeping permafrost
   • trigger avalanches
     • village barriers
     • iron fences