Radiation

Radiation

1. atoms

   • Isotapes and ions
     • isotapes
       • isotapes are atoms with more or less neutrons. e.g. H-2
     • ions
       • cations
         • this is an atoms wiht less than normal electrons
       • anions
         • this is an atom with extral electrons
   • neutrons
     • these have a neutral charge
     • they have a relative mass of 1
   • protons
     • these have a plus charge
     • these also have a relative mass of 1
   • electrons
     • these ahve a negative charge
     • these have a relative mass of 1/2000

2. ionizatioin

   • this is when a atom is hit by radiation and it given a charge by the gain or loss of electrons

3. types of radiation

   • alpha
     • these have a charge of plus 2
     • mass of 4
     • and 2 protons
     • these are helium ions
     • hightly ionizing
     • but no very penetrating
     • can be stoped by paper
   • Beta
     • these are ellectrons
     • they have a charge of -1
     • a mass of 0
     • and no protons
     • these are slighly ionizing
     • can penetrate a distance of about 2M in air
     • these can be stoped by aluminum
   • Gamma
     • these are not paticles but waves
     • these are electromagnetic waves so are transvers
     • this allows them to travel almost an infinite distance with only lead being able to stop them