MATTER

MATTER

1. Made up of:

   • Molecules
     • They are groups of atoms.
   • Atoms
     • They are the smallest unit of chemical elements. They are formed by a nucleus and particles that revolve around it.

2. Properties

   • Specific
     • They are different from one substance to another.
     • Density
       • It's the amount of mass that fits into a certain volume and It's measured in grammes per cubic centimetre.
     • Hardness
       • It's the resistance of a substance against being scrached
     • Tenacity
       • It's the opposition of a material against breaking
     • Transparency
       • It's the ability to allow light to pass through an object 
     • Impermeability
       • It's the ability to prevent water from passingthroough an object
     • Lightness
       • It's the ease whith which a body can be lifted
     • Electric conductivity
       • It's the ability of a substance to conduct heat or electricity.
     • Colour, flavour, smell
       • They're the proterties that are perceptible by the senses
     • Electric insulation
       • It's the ability of a substance to prevent heat or electricity.
   • General
     • All substances have them.
     • Mass
       • It's the amount of matter and it's measured in kilogrammes and grammes.
     • Volume
       • It's the space that the matter occupies and it's measured in liters.

3. Types

   • Mixtures
     • Formed by components
       • Separation
         • Decantation
           • Makes it possible to separate the components by making use of their different densities.
         • Filtration
           •  Makes it possible to separate a solid from a liquid by using filters.
         • Magnetic separation
           • Makes it posible to separate the iron or steel components.
         • Evaporation
           • Makes it possible to separate the components of a liquid solution.
         • Destillation
           • Makes it posible to separate the components of a liquid solution which have different boliling points.
       • Can be distinguished
         • Heterogeous
           • The different components can be distinguished by the naked eye.
       • Cannot be distinguished
         • Homogeneous
           • The different components cannot be distinguished by the naked eye.
   • Pure substances
     • Made up of one single element/molecule
       • All its particles are the same.
     • Can only be separated by chemical reactions

4. Chemical changes

   • They are processes that change the nature of substances and convert them into others.
   • Oxidation
     • Makes one substance transfprn to another.  This process can only occur if the object that rusts is in contact with oxygen.
   • Fermentation
     • Converts organic substances into others. It needs a specific type of yeast, fungus or bacteria. It dosn't need oxygen for the change to take place.
     • There are diferent types of fermentation: - Lactic acid fermentation - Alcoholic fermentation  - Other types
   • Combustion
     • Makes a substance burn by rapid oxidation. This process can only occur if the object that burns is in contact with oxygen.

5. States

   • Solid
     • It has a defined volume and shape.
   • Liquid
     • It has a defined volume and a variable shape.
   • Gaseous
     • It has a variable volme and shape.
   • Changes
     • Vaporisation
       • It passes from liquid to gas.
     • Solidification
       • From liquid to solid.
     • Melting
       • From solid to liquid.
     • Condensation
       • From gas to liquid.

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