Conversation

Conversation

1. SPEAKER

   • INVISIBLE MEANING (the unsaid)
     • PRESUPPOSITIONS (speaker)
       • Assumptions the speaker makes basing on the listener's knowledge
       • Types
         • Existential
         • Factive
         • Lexical
         • Structural
         • Non-factive
         • Counter-factual
       • Projection problem
         • When they become part of complex sentences (a whole), presuppositions may lose their meaning as parts
       • Constant meaning, even under negation
     • ENTAILMENTS (senteces)
       • Something that follows from what is asserted in an utternace
       • Background
         • Range of interpretations
       • Foreground
         • Stress used to mark an intended assumption
     • IMPLICATURES
       • Tautologies
         • They appear to have no communicative value since they express something completely obvious
           • "Hamburgers are hamburgers"
       • Conversational
         • Scalar implicature
           • A word selected from a scale, implicating the negative meaning of all higher forms
             • "Most" will imply "not all"
         • General
           • No special context needed in order to be interpreted
         • Particularized
           • Special knowledge is needed in particular contexts
       • Conventional
         • Specific words
           • Independent from special context
           • But
             • Contrast
           • Even
             • Contrary to expectation
           • Yet
             • Present situation different at a later time
       • Properties
         • Deniable Calculable Suspendable Reinforsable Cancelable

2. LISTENER

   • Cooperating with each other
     • Cooperative principle
   • Inference

3. Based on maxims

   • Quantity
   • Quality
   • Relation
   • Manner
   • It is possible to break them (flouting) in order to make implicatures
     • Expressions that tell the listener the speaker may not fully adhere to the principles are called hedges