Topic 2 and 12 - Atomic Structure

Topic 2 and 12 - Atomic Structure

1. Electronic Structure

   • Atomic number - protons
   • Atomic mass - protons + neutrons
   • protons - nucleus - +ve neutrons - nucleus - 0 electrons - orbitals - -ve
   • Sub-levels (s, p, d, f)
     • Aufbau - in order
     • Paulis - 2 e in each
     • Hund's - half full before full
     • Exceptions:
       • Chromium
       • Copper

2. Isotopes

   • Versions of the same element. Same protons different neutrons
   • Same chemical properties
   • Radioisotopes

3. Mass Spectrometry

   • Stage 1: Vaporisation
   • Stage 2: Ionisation
   • Stage 3: Acceleration
   • Stage 4: Deflection
   • Stage 5: Detection

4. Ionisation Enery

   • Factors affecting
     • nuclear charge
     • shielding
     • distance from nucleus
   • Second IE
     • Greater than 1st IE
       • Closer e to nucleus = harder to remove = greater IE
   • Trends
     • Down Groups
       • Decreases
         • further from nucleus
           • Weaker attraction between nucleus and e
         • More shielding
     • Across Periods
       • Increases
         • Proton number increases
           • Exceptions
             • Sulphur
               • Repulsion
               • Period 5 and 6
             • Magnesium
               • Period 1 and 6
               • Higher energy
               • Shielding
         • Greater nuclear attraction