Intelligence Theories and Tests

Intelligence Theories and Tests

1. Galton

   • the senses
     • low intelligence = less response to sensory info
     • measured RT, keenness of sight and hearing, distinguish colours, eye judgement & strength - in response to stimiuli

2. The Stanford-Binet scale

   • Terman (1916)
   • 4 to 14 yrs
   • were asked to
     • Compare
     • copy shapes
     • show awareness of dates
     • arrange numbers
     • mental arithmetic

3. Stern (1912)

   • Calculating IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
     • tested children
     • plotted distribution scores and identify mean

4. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for adults -revised

   • WAIS-R
   • 11 tests - 6 verbal, 5 preformance

5. General intelligence

   • Spearman
     • 'g' = general intelligence
       • positive correlations between tests (positive manifold)
     • 's' = specific abilities
       • Each type of intelligence
   • Cattell (1971)
     • 'g' has two aspects
       • Fluid ability (GF)
         • Reasoning, problem solving
         • Present from birth
       • Crystalized ability (GC)
         • Acquired knowledge and skills
         • Influenced by culture
   • Thurstone
     • Multifactor approach to 'g'
       • 1. Associative memory
       • 2. Number
       • 3. perceptual speed
       • 4. Reasoning
       • 5. Space (Spatial visualisations)
       • 6. visual comprehension
       • 7. word fluency
       • Guilford (1977) agreed but proposed 150 abilities - split into operations, contents and products

6. Howard Gardner (1983)

   • theory of multiple intelligence
     • 7 different types
       • 1. Linguistic (language skills)
       • 2. Logical mathmatical
       • 3. Spatial
       • 4. Musical
       • 5. Bodily Kinaesthetic (using the body)
       • 6. Interpersonal
       • 7. Intrapersonal
     • separate sections of the brain
       • work together when needed
     • Evidence
       • Localized brain damage
       • Each individual has their own matrix of intelligence
   • Believes intelligence is the sum of processes that can take place

7. Information processing theory

   • Speed of processing (Gs)
     • Ability to perform cognitive tasks automatically and fluently
   • Processing capacity
     • Working memory model

8. Robert Sternberg

   • Triarchic theory of intelligence
     • 1. Componential subtheory
       • Metacomponents
       • Performance components
       • knowledge-acquisition components
     • 2. Contextual subtheory
       • Adaptation
       • Shaping
       • Selection
     • 3. Experiential subtheory
       • Novelty
       • Automisation