Question 5

Question 5

1. Developmental Crime prevention

   • organised provision of resources to families, schools etc to forestall later development of crime
   • address problems early
   • risk focused: antisocial behaviour, low self control, low self esteem, low levels of parental involvement, poverty, maltreatment, weak parental and school attachments (derived from longitudinal studies)
   • Limits: risk factors fail to capture history, culture and living reality of marginalised groups, need long term, substantial, meaningful support
   • early intervention
   • learning & strain/inequality theories
   • change behaviours and attitudes before they become engrained
   • early childhood support, anti bullying, self esteem workshops
   • most successful when parents are included
   • eg: pathways to prevention
   • eg: Perrys Preschool Study; active learning in preschools through workshops with visits to family home, longitudinal data taken from different points in the childs life, found less arrests and higher earnings and graduation rates in those who completed the program, every $1 spent was $7 saved

2. Community Prevention

   • considers crime a social problem
   • community empowerment, mass mobilisation, social action, public advocacy and education,
   • Limits; needs to be tested at a community level which is expensive, timely and complex
   • social bond & strain/inequality theory
   • target those with weak community bonds
   • promote positive social bonds through warm, supportive relationships and community involvement that is awarded and recognised
   • community empowerment
   • eg: mentoring programs, police citizens youth club
   • eg: communities that care: reduced tobacco, drug & alcohol use and delinquency, reduced overall long term cost, $1 spent is $5.30 saved
   • proactive not reactive
   • protective factors (buffers against offending)

3. Situational Prevention

   • Adress immediate problem rather than being long term
   • directed at specific forms of crime
   • involves management, design and manipulation of immediate environment in a permanent way
   • deals with hotspots and repeat victimisation
   • based on rational choice theory
   • Formal vs natural surveillance
   • increase efforts and risks, reduce rewards and provocation, remove excuses
   • design out crime
   • eg: Crime Preventing Through Environmental design
   • eg: Kirkholt Burglary Prevention Program- revictimisation in burglaries, adressed points of vulnerability with more security, removed coin operated gas metres, increased property marking (territorial psychology). Revivictimisation decreased 72% in 4 years
   • Critique: displacement - actually found a diffusion in benefits

4. Prevention Through Criminal Justice

   • refers to work of CJS
   • detterance!! rehabiitation, incappacitation
   • limited marginal impact but definite absolute impact
   • rotation police crackdowns to manipulate perceived uncertainty, publicised visible random checks
   • Limitations: must be aware of coercion and overstepping civil liberties
   • also refers to third part policing
   • eg: Victorias aproach to spike in fatalities on road- more speed cameras and rbt, better signage and increased advertising, tougher licensing and demerits standards. Introduced in 1989 and saw a 78% reduction in speeding and 25% decrease in collisions

5. Limitations: needs well trained staff, must be theory based, well resourced (cost benefit analysis), target parents and children