Computing- Basic Hardware

Computing- Basic Hardware

1. Processors/ Microprocessors

   • A processor is also known as a CPU (Central Processing Unit). All the main calculations the computer makes are done using theprocessor.
     • Processors are built on a single chip
     • Commonly referred to as the 'brain of the computer'.
     • Responsible for executing sequences of stored instructions called a program.
       • The program will take inputs from input devices (most likely through BIOS- Basic Input and Output System) and then processes the input in some way to produce an output.
     • CPUs are found in every computer as the machine needs to process calculations.
       • For example, laptops, desktops, mobile phone, DVD players, washing machines all have CPUs within them.

2. Chip

   • Common name for an integrated circuit. They are small and usually made of silicon.
   • They are used to send electronic signals.

3. Main Memory

   • Running programs and applications are stored in the main memory of the computer.
   • Main Memory is divided up into storage locations with individual addresses.
     • A single storage location can hold one or more bytes of information.

4. RAM and ROM

   • RAM: Random Access Memory
     • Stores data close to the CPU for quick access.
       • RAM is volatile meaning that if power is lost to the hardware, data stored WILL be lost.
   • ROM: Read Only Memory
     • Stores data such as the operating system and other data the manufacturer has applied.
       • ROM is non-volatile meaning that if power is lost to the hardware, data stored will NOT be lost.
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5. Backing Storage

   • Backing storage is used for permanent storage of programs and data.
     • Common forms of backing storage are 'Hard disk's and' USB flash' drives.
       • Magnetic tapes are used in large commercial organisations to store data for long amount of time. As magnetic tapes are physical they are used for backup copies of data.