THE WORLD TODAY

THE WORLD TODAY

1. Urban problems

   • In 2007...
     • It was estimated that more than half of the world's population was living in cities
   • Causes
     • Cities provide their inhabitans with several ADVANTAGES
       • Better employment opportunities
       • More services and leisure facilities
     • The constant growth
   • Consequences
     • Disadvantages
       • Enviromental degradation
         • consequences
           • Different types of pollution
             • air
             • noise
             • water
       • Supplies and waste management
       • Social segretation
         • there are groups that are clearly different for economic , ethic , religious or cultural reason
           • In large conurbations there is spatial segregation within th city
             • Some ethnic or religiuos miniorities
             • Inmigrants from the same country
             • Families with very low incomes
       • Housing
         • cause
           • Inner city decline and growth of the urban population
           • The high prices
           • the high demand
         • consquence
           • More and more houses need to be built
           • A generalised increase in the cost of housing in all developed countries
   • Supplies and waste management
     • consequence
       • This can result in supply and waste problems
     • cause
       • Cities consume large amount of raw materials and energy
   • population
     • The population is the number of inhabitants living in an area at a certain time
   • Two major categories of the countries
     • by United Nations
       • Developed country
       • developing countrybased of the classification
         • On the economic status
           • Per capita income
           • Industrialization
           • Standard of living
       • Developing countries
   • to understand a population characteristics
     • To study it's birth race
     • To study it's death rates
     • To study the life expectation
     • To study the natural population growth

2. THE GLOBALISATION IN TODAY'S WORLD

   • Historic important sucess
     • The fall of the Berlin wall
     • The dissolution of the Soviet Union
     • The end of the Cold war
     • Consequence
       • Marked the start of a new period
   • Disadvanteges of the globalisation
     • Migration
     • International conflicts
     • Urban and demographic problems
   • there is globalisation since 1980
     • the pace of globalisation has steadily increased
       • All of the world societies are being brought together in a single system
         • They depend on
         • Interact with each other
         • Economically , socially, politically , culturally
   • Economic globasitation
     • cause
       • The spread of capitalism as an economic system
     • consequence
       • Has completelychanged the map of global production
   • Features of the map of global production
     • tertistion and financialisation
       • cause
         • Steady rise in international trade
         • Removal of customs barries
       • consequence
         • High mobility of production factors
     • Concetration of wealth
       • Manufacturing , financial and military powers
         • All continue to be mainly located in wealthy countries
       • Social inequality within each country is also incrasing
     • Multinationals
       • cause
         • Control of a large part of production
       • consequence
         • Expand their networks into nearly every country trough subsidiaries
     • Goverment bodies are now of secondary importance
       • cause
         • Economic decisions are no longer exclusively controlled by governmets or groups of government
         • Goverments bodies are now of secondary importance
       • consequence
         • the power of large financial corporations and multinational companies
         • Which can influence the decisions not only of all kinds of governments , but also of international organitations
     • Economic inctability and increased inequality
       • cause
         • The growth of financil movements
         • Unregulated financialisation of the economy
       • consequences
         • the growth instability
         • increased inequality between the rich and the poor
     • Relocation of industry
       • cause
         • the high mobility of productive resources
       • offshoring
         • the countries where companies have ceased activity
           • Unemployment
           • A loss of purchasing power
         • Countries to which these companies have relocated
           • To exploit cheap labour in places with limited labour rights
           • there has not always been an inprovements in house hold purchasing power and living standard either
     • Unemployment and a loss of purchasing power
     • the majority of workers in developing countries live at subsistence level , and that their right to campaign for better working conditions is often suppressed , offshoring has not always stimulated economic growth through consumption in these developing countries to the same extents as it did in developed countries in the past
   • scientific and technological globalisation
     • communitations(internet , mobile telephones , lower transport costs
     • high technology

3. XXI century

   • migration
     • natural causes of migration
       • catastrophes such as
         • Eruptions
         • Tsunamis
         • Earthquakes
         • Floods
         • Epidemics
       • Force local populations to live their homes
     • political causes of migration
       • Conflicts and political crises distrup a country and force
         • Dissident , the persecuted , those who fear for their live
           • to leave
       • The emigrants leave their countries , they are called EXILES
     • Socioeconomic causes of migrations
       • Emigrants seek a better quality of life in terms of:
         • Health
         • Education
         • Employment
     • types of migrations
       • forced
         • when paople are forced to leave their place of residence because of wars , persecution , natural disasters
       • Voluntary
         • When emigrants leave to seek a better future ( economic , social , profesional...)
       • Temporary
         • Emigrants return to their home country after a period of time
       • Permanent
         • Emigrants permanetly settle in their destination country
     • Consequences of migrations
       • For the country of origyn
         • advantanges
           • Large amounts of remittances are recived
             • Emigrants send money transfers to thair families who stayed in the country of origyn. This helps reduce poverty in many families
           • Overpopulation can be alleviated
             • This reduces the unemployment , consumption and pressure on resources
         • disadvantages
           • Well educated professionals leave to work in other countries
             • The country of origin therebefore loses both the skills of the emigrant and the investment made in his or her trainig
           • The young population leaves and the country is left with a larger proportionof children and eldery people
       • For the destination country
         • advantages
           • The advarge of the populationis lowered
           • Economic and political interaction between the country of origin and the destination country is stimulated
           • Economic growth is driven forward by providing a WORKFORCE , increasing productivity and the level of employment
           • Culture is enriched
             • People from different countries are integrated into society
         • disadvantages
           • Some public services , especially healthcare and education services
             • Can become OVERWHELMED , if the increase in the number of new citizens is not acccompanied by the necessary public investment by the goverment to meet increased user need
           • Xenophobia ,racism or social conflicts can occur if the integrantion polcies are not implemented
   • cause
     • economics diferences
     • Unresolved conflicts relating to other periods of history
     • Religious or cultural intorelance
   • consequences
     • Geopolitical tension
     • Civil conflicts
     • Territorial disputes
     • terrorism
   • diplomacy and mediation by large international organisations
     • mitigate the disastrous effects of these disputes
     • Displacement of populations and poverty
     • Death an injury

4. The world of globasitation

   • Indicators to classify the countries
     • Information about the economic
     • The level of social and cultural development
     • Demographic and urban features
   • Classification of countries by development
     • Countries
       • development
         • the centre of globasitation word
           • The interests of companies and govermments continue to be consideraded more important than other things
           • This group is made up of rich countries that control international instituations
           • They are industralised countries in which the terciary sector is the most powerful part of economic
           • Their trade relations often assist whith their development
           • They have democratic political systems
           • High levels of cultural and social development
           • Per capita G.P.D. is very high , as is consumption
       • Developing countries
         • Undevelopment
         • Emergents economy
         • undevelopment
           • Very little industrialisation
           • Political instability
           • They are dependent on developed countries
           • Consumption per capita is very low
         • Unequals trade relations
           • High levels of foreign debt. This debt began as loans form banks , International organisations and development countries , which the underdeveloped nations have been unable to pay back