Mind map

Human Tissues

Nalani Ginn English

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Human Tissues

Definition of Tissues
- groups of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform a specific function
Epithelial
- line body cavities and cover internal and external body surfaces
- Types
  - Covering and Lining
    - classified through arrangement
      - Cell Layers
        Simple = 1 single layer
        Stratified = multiple layers
        Pseudostratisfied = appears to have more than 1 layer, only has 1
      - Cell Shape
        Squamous
        thin/flat
        allow for rapid passages of substances
        Simple Squamous
        Stratified Squamous
        Simple Squamous
        located in air sacs of lungs, lines heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
        function is diffusion, filtration, secretion
        Stratified Squamous
        lines esophagus, mouth, and vagina
        function is protection against abrasion (makes skin)
        Cuboidal
        cubes or hexagons
        function in secretion or absorption
        Simple Cuboidal
        Stratified Cuboidal
        Simple Cuboidal
        located in kidney tubules and lines ducts of glands
        function is secretion and absorption
        Stratified Cuboidal
        function is protection
        located in sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands
        Columnar
        taller than they are wide
        contain cilia or microvilli
        Simple Columnar
        Stratified Columnar
        Simple Columnar
        function is absorption and secretion of mucus and enzymes
        located in bronchi of lungs, uterine tubes, uterus (with cilia) or digestive tract, bladder (without)
        Stratified Columnar
        located in male urethra and ducts of some glands
        function is secretion and protection
        Pseudostratified Columnar
        lines trachea and upper respiratory tract
        secretes mucus and ciliated moves mucus
        Transitional
        change shape from flat to cuboids
        allows urinary organs to expand and stretch
        lines the urinary bladder, ureters and urethra, and in the ducts of the prostrate gland
  - Glandular
    - function: secretion
    - endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream
    - deep to covering and lining epithelium
    - gland: 1+ highly specialized cells that secrete
    - exocrine glands secrete products through ducts and empty at covering and lining epithelium
- avascular - no blood cells
- have a nerve supply
- high capacity for cell division
- cells have:
  - apical surface (exposed to body
  - lateral surface (side)
  - basal surface (attached to basement membrane)
    - *thin, extracellular structure between epithelium and deeper connective tissue
- little extracellular matrix between closely packed cells
Nervous
- function is to conduct nerve impulses
- groups of organized cells in the nervous system
- types of cells
  - Neurons
    - convert stimuli into nerve impulses and conduct them
  - Neuroglia
    - do not generate nerve impulses, but serve supportive functions
Connective
- Types
  - Dense
    - Regular
      - located in tendons and ligaments
      - attaches muscles to bones or to muscles
    - Irregular
      - located in dermis of skin
      - provides structural strength
    - Elastic
      - located in several organs, including the largest arteries in the body
      - provides elasticity and extensibility to the dermis and assists in recovery from deformation
  - Loose
    - Areolar
      - surrounds blood vessels, nerve bundles, muscles, and organs.; fills the spaces between organs and connects skin to underlying muscle
      - wraps and cushions organs
    - Adipose
      - provides reserve fuel
      - under skin, around internal organs, between muscles, within bone marrow, and in breast tissue
    - Reticular
      - located in lymphoid organs, the kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
      - forms the stroma and provides structural support
  - Bone
    - function in support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of ions, and endocrine regulation
  - Blood
    - contained within blood vessels
    - transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and more substances
  - Cartilage
    - Hyaline
      - forms most of the embryonic skeleton; ends of bones in free-moving joints as articular cartilage, at the ends of the ribs, and in the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
      - supports and reinforces; flexibility
    - Fibrocartilage
      - located in intervertebral discs and at the insertions of ligaments and tendons
      - tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
    - Elastic
      - located in skin, lungs, arteries, veins, elastic cartilage, fetal tissue, and other structures
      - maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility, provides elasticity and extensibility to the dermis and assists in recovery from deformation
Muscular
- Skeletal Muscle
  - Pulls on bones allowing body movements
  - voluntary and striated
- Cardiac Muscle
  - pumps blood through blood vessels
  - forms wall of heart
  - involuntary and striated
- Smooth Muscle
  - found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach and bladder
  - function in maintaining and controlling the blood pressure and flow of oxygen throughout the body and more
  - involuntary