Adjectives

Adjectives

1. ENGLISH

   • Descriptive Adjectives
     • Definition: Descriptive adjectives describe a noun or pronoun.
     • Form: Many of these adjectives may be inflected to show comparison
   • Comparison Adjectives
     • Definition: The three degrees of comparison are positive, comparative, and superlative
     • Forms
       • 1. Regular comparisons add -er and -est to short adjectives, sometimes with a minor change in spelling.
       • 2. Longer adjectives are compared by using more and most, or the negatives less and least.
       • 3. Some adjectives have irregular comparisons.
       • 4. Adjectives that cannot be compared include absolutes, which are by definition superlative.
       • 5. When a comparison is made, several words may introduce the second element: than, in, and of all.
   • Proper Adjectives
     • Definition A proper adjective is a descriptive adjective formed from a proper noun.
     • Forms In English, both proper nouns and their adjectives are capitalized. Sometimes, their forms are indistinguishable.
   • Demostrative Adjectives
     • Definition: Demonstrative adjectives point out which of a group is/are the one(s) that you are referring to
     • Forms: have the same forms as the demonstrative pronouns and distinguish in the same way between near and far and between singular and plural.
       • near -this these far- that those
   • Possessive Adjectives
     • Definition: A possessive adjective modifies a noun by telling to whom or what it belongs. They sit before a noun (or a pronoun) to show who or what owns it.
     • Forms: Indicate the person, number, and gender (in the third-person singular) of the possessor.
       • my, our, your, her, its, one’s their
     • Uses: always used with the noun, my mother
   • Indefinite Adjectives
     • Definition: they refer to nouns or pronouns that are not defined more specifically.
     • Forms: These adjectives are invariable, that is, they do not change their form.
       • Some, however, may be used only with singular nouns (for example, each, every, another), Some only with plural nouns (for example, both, other),
   • Interrogative Adjectives
     • Definition: They ask a question about limitation, modify nouns by asking a question and are used in interrogative sentences
     • Form
       • 1. Subject and object cases: which? what?
       • 2. Possessive case: whose?
     • Uses
       • To ask a question.
       • In an exclamation.
   • Other Limiting Adjectives
     • Ordinal numbers
       • Indicate the order in which things come. One, two, and three
     • Determiners
       • They are often classified as adjectives
   • Other Adjectival Forms
     • Many other kinds of words may be used as adjectives (that is, to describe a noun or pronoun).
       • noun a philosophy professor present participle running water

2. SPANISH

   • Other Adjectival Forms
     • They are similar to English
       • noun phrase la sala de conferencias past participle la tía querida
   • Other Limiting Adjectives
     • Ordinal numbers
       • In Spanish,they are essentially vocabulary items, they agree in gender and number
         • primer presidente primera actriz
     • Determiners
       • They agree in gender and number.
         • el, la, los, las, un, una, unos, unas
   • Indefinite Adjectives
     • Spanish indefinite adjectives are similar to those in English.
       • Algunos estudiantes aprenden rapidamente. Cualquier mujer se lo dira a usted.
     • Forms An indefinite adjective agrees with its noun in gender and number, just as descriptive adjectives do.
   • Descriptive Adjectives
     • Forms: In Spanish, descriptive adjectives Masculine end in -o, feminine singular end in -a. Plurals add an –s to -o or –a
     • Singular forms that do not end in -o or -a have a single form. Plurals add -es unless the adjective ends in -e, in which case -s is added to form the plural
     • Adjectives ending in -an, -on, -in, and -or add -a for the feminine. Masculine plurals add -es, and feminine plurals are formed by adding -s.
       • The adjective grande becomes gran before most singular nouns of either gender; its meaning then becomes “great” rather than “big.”
     • Comparative adjectives ending in -or (superior, ulterior, etc.) is the same for masculine and feminine.
       • If two adjectives that have a short form are used before a singular noun, they both use the short form unless they are connected by a conjunction, such as y (“and”).
     • Adjectives indicating nationality that end in a consonant form the feminine and feminine plural regularly; the masculine plural ends in -es.
       • A small group of adjectives (not just descriptive adjectives) have a shortened form that is used before masculine singular nouns.
   • Comparison Adjectives
     • Forms, Spanish forms comparisons in the following ways
       • Most Spanish adjectives form the comparative with mas (“more”), tan (“as,” in the sense of equal), or menos (“less”) plus the adjective.
         • Superlatives are formed with the definite article plus the comparative (for example, la mas grande and el menos importante).
           • The adjective remains in the same position, whether it is positive, comparative, or superlative. Es una casa grande. (positive) It is a big house.
   • Proper Adjectives
     • Forms, they are formed from proper nouns, but they are not capitalized.
       • un romano, la gente romana, Roman
   • Interrogative Adjectives
     • Forms, the interrogative adjective is inflected for gender and number. It agrees with the noun it modifies
       • ¿qué? ¿cuál?
     • Uses
       • To ask a question.
         • ¿Qué hora es?
       • In an exclamation.
         • ¡Qué casa más bonita!
   • Possessive Adjectives
     • Definition , they agree in gender and number with the noun they modify, not with the possessor.
     • The adjectives mi/mis/tu/tus/su/sus indicate singular and plural, but they do not indicate gender.
     • The adjectives nuestro/nuestra/nuestros/nuestras/vuestro/vuestra/vuestros/vuestras indicate both gender and number.
       • The adjectives su/sus have several English equivalents (“his,” “her,” “its,” “your,” “their”).
   • Demostrative Adjectives
     • Forms: They agree with the noun it modifies in gender and number.
       • Uses: In Spanish, the near/far distinction is expressed by: este/ese/aquel. este/esta (“this”) and estos/estas (“these”) nearest to the speaker
         • Use forms of ese for “that” unless it is necessary to make a point of the distinction.

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