AREA 4- SKILL ACQUISITION

AREA 4- SKILL ACQUISITION

1. skill & ability

   • skill
     • The learned ability to bring about bring about pre-determined results with maximum certainty and minimum time and effort.
   • ability
     • Motor abilities are relatively enduring traits which are generally stable qualities that help a person carry out a particular act.
     • gross motor
       • Large muscle movements, whole body or limbs.
     • psychomotor
       • The individual's ability to consciously make movements.
   • ACEFACE
     • A- aesthetically pleasing C- consistent E- efficient F- fluency A- accurate C- controlled E- economic
   • skill classification
     • open-closed
       • open- sporting environment changes closed- sporting environment is stable
     • highly organised-low organised
       • highly organised- difficult to break down into sub-routines low organised- easy to break down into sub-routines
     • simple-complex
       • simple- low amount of decision making complex- high amounts of decision making
     • self-paced-externally-paced
       • self-paced- performer is in control of beginning of skill externally-paced- performer has no control of beginning of skill
     • fine-gross
       • fine- small muscle groups are used gross- large muscle groups are used
     • discrete-continuous
       • discrete- clear start and finish continuous- no obvious start or finish

2. information processing

   • Whiting's model
     • 1.receptor system
       • These are the sensory organs, which receive the information.
     • 2.perceptual mechanism
       • This involves selective attention and filtering information.
       • detection
         • identifying the correct stimulus; beginners often attend to the wrong stimulus and that is why their decision making is often poor.
       • comparison
         • the brain processes this information by comparing it with previous experiences stored in our memory.
       • recognition
         • a match in our memory of similar stimulus. The information is the perceived.
     • 3.translatory mechanism
       • Where decision making takes place, sorting the relevant information and using both short and long term memory.
     • 4. effector mechanism
       • Output messages are sent to the limbs via the nervous system.

3. transfer of learning

   • proactive
     • The effect that learning a skill has on a skill that has not yet been learned.
   • retroactive
     • The effect that learning a skill has on a previously learned skill.
   • bilateral
     • Learning and performing a skill on one side of the body is then transferred to the opposite side.
   • zero
     • There are no similarities between the tasks, therefore there is no effect on either skill.
   • positive
     • Learning a skill faciliates the learning of an additional skill.
   • negative
     • Learning a new skill inhibits the learning of an additional skill.

4. learning theories

   • operant conditioning
     • positive reinforcement
       • praise/rewards so performer is more likely to repeat behaviour
     • negative reinforcement
       • Removal of stimulus causing unsuccessful performance
     • punishment
       • Reinforcing the unsuccessful performance with punishment
     • SR BOND
       • Both negative and positive strengthen the stimulus-response bond. Punishment has a weakening effect on SR bond