AN OVERVIEW OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS

AN OVERVIEW OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS

1. Whats applied linguistics?

   • language
     • in order to achieve some purpose
   • how it is learned
     • solve some problems in the real world
       • subdisciplines of applied linguistics
         • literacy
         • speech pathology
         • deaf education
         • interpreting and translating
         • communication practices
         • lexicography
         • first language acquisition
   • how it is used

2. Applied Linguistics during the 20th Century

   • Grammar-Translation
     • have one or two new grammar rules
     • a list of vocabulary items
     • practice examples to translate from L1 into L2 or vice versa
       • PRAGMATICS
     • focused on reading and writing literary materials
       • SOCIOLINGUISTICS
   • Direct Method
     • emphasized exposure to oral language
     • listening and speaking as the primary skills
     • required teachers to be highly proficient in the target language
       • DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
       • sociocultural theory
   • Reading Method
     • promoting reading skills through vocabulary management
   • Audiolingualism
     • close attention to pronunciation
     • intensive oral drilling
     • focus on sentence patterns
     • memorization

3. Early History

   • Plato and Aristotle
     • grammar
     • rhetoric
       • to promote a philosophical approach to life
     • The development of dialectic
   • Samuel Johnson
     • Dictionary of the English Language
   • Robert Lowth
     • Short Introduction to English Grammar

4. New Perspectives on Teaching the Four Skills

   • LISTENING
   • SPEAKING
   • PRONUNCIATITON
   • READING
   • WRITING

5. Authors

   • attack on the behaviorist underpinnings of structural linguistics
     • suggested that children form hypotheses about their language that they tested out in practice
       • universal grammar
         • posited that children are born with an understanding of the way languages work
           • SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
           • PSYCHOLINGUISTICS
   • Noam Chomsky
   • Hymes
     • communicative competence
       • language competence consists of more than just being able to "form grammatically correct sentences but also to know when and where to use these sentences and to whom"
   • Stephen Krashen
     • focused attention on the role of input
       • Monitor Theory
         • posited that a second language was mainly unconsciously acquired through exposure to comprehensible input rather than being learned through explicit exercises