Mind map

Lower Appendage

Julia Morneau English

Map content

Lower Appendage

Pelvis
- Landmarks
  - Fuse during development
  - Pelvic Girdle
    - Pubis
    - Ischium
    - Ilium
  - Iliac Crest
    - Projects posteriorly from acetabulum
  - Anterior superior iliac spine
    - Attachment for inguinal ligament
  - Greater sciatic notch
    - Passageway for sciatic nerve
  - Ischial Tuberosity
    - What you sit on (butt bones)
  - Superior Rami
  - Inferior Rami
  - Obturator Foramen
- Joints
  - Pubic Symphysis
    - Anterior extent of pubis Type: Cartilaginous (allows very little movemement) Allows more movement during parturition
  - Sacroiliac
    - Allows for little movement Enforced by extrinsic ligaments
  - Hip Joint
    - Abduction
      - Gluteus Medius
      - Gluteus Minimus
    - Adduction
      - Pectineus
      - Adductor Brevis
      - Adductor Longus
      - Adductor Magnus
      - Gracilis
    - Extension
      - Gluteus Maximus
    - Flexion
      - Iliopsoas
      - Tensor Fascia Lata
    - Internal (Medial) Rotation
      - Tensor Fascia Lata
      - Gluteus Medius
    - Lateral (External) Rotation
      - Deep Hip Rotators
- Sexual Dimorphism
  - Pelvic Inlet: Larger and rounder in females Pelvic outlet: Larger in females Subpubic angle: Less than 90 degrees in women (greater than 90 in men) Sacrum: Tilted posterioly in females, tilted anteriorly in females
- Muscles
  - Perineal
    - sexual function and urinary continence
    - Urogenital
      - bounded by pubic symphysis and ischial tuberosities
  - External anal sphincter
    - Voluntary defecation control
  - Pelvic diaphragm
    - Deep to perineal muscles Supports pelvic viscera and aids in urinary continence Maintains intra-abdominal pressure
Femur
- Landmarks
  - Head
  - Lesser trochanter
  - Greater trochanter
  - Neck
  - Medial condyle
  - Lateral condyle
  - Patellar surface
Patella
- Articulations
  - Patellofemoral
    - Patellar surface and patella
  - Tibiofemoral
    - Bones involved: Femur (medial and lateral conyles) and tibia
- Knee Joint
  - 2 articulations Type: Hinge
  - Extension
    - same tendon, quadriceps Above patella = quadriceps tendon below patella = patellar tendon
    - Vastus Lateralis
    - Vastus Medialis
    - Vastus Intermedius
    - Rectus Femoris
    - Sartorius
  - Flexion
    - hamstrings & sartorius
    - Semimembranosus
    - Semitendinosus
    - Biceps Femoris
    - Popliteus
      - Initiates knee flexion by laterally rotating femur on tibia
    - Sartorius
      - synergist
Tibia
- Landmarks
  - Medial Condyle
  - Lateral Condyles
  - Medial Menisci
  - Lateral menisci
  - Tibial Tuberosity
  - Medial Malleolus
- Joints
  - Proximal Tibiofibular
    - Type: Plane, only allows slight gliding
  - Distal Tibulofibular
    - Barely movable; fibrous fixed
Fibula
- Landmarks
  - Head
  - Lateral Malleolus
  - Interosseous Membrane
Tarsal
- Joints
  - Talocrural
    - Bones: Tibia, fibula, talus (tarsal bone) Type: Saddle Supported by malleoluses, malleoluses limit but also support inversion and eversion
    - Plantarflexion
      - Gastrocnemius
      - Plantaris
      - Soleus
    - Dorsiflexion
      - Tibialis Anterior
    - Inversion
      - TIbialis Posterior
      - Tibialis Anterior
    - Eversion
      - Fibularis Longus
      - Fibularis Brevis
  - Metatarsophalangeal
    - Type: Condyloid Bones: Metatarsals and phalanges
    - Flexion
    - Extension
    - Abduction
    - Adduction
  - Interphalangeal
    - Bones: Phalanges Type: Hinge
    - Flexion
      - Flexor Digitorum Longus
      - Flexor Hallucis Longus
    - Extension
      - Extensor Hallucis Longus
      - Extensor Digitorum Longus
- Bones
  - Talus
  - Calcaneus
  - Navicular
  - Medial Cuneiform
  - Intermediate cuneiform
  - Lateral cuneiform
  - Cuboid
Axial
- Epaxial
  - Superficial
    - Movement of upper limbs
    - Trapezius
      - Inervated by CN XI (all others are innervated by a  spinal nerve
    - Levator Scapulae
    - Latissimus Dorsi
    - Rhomboids
  - Intermediate
    - Serratus Posterior Superior
      - Deep to rhomboids Assist in forced ventilation Elevates and expands ribcage
    - Serratus Posterior Inferior
      - Depresses adn compresses ribcage
  - Deep
    - Splenius
      - Bilateral: Extension of neck Unilateral: Lateral flexion of neck, works with ispilateral sternocleidomastoid
    - Erector Spinae
      - Iliocostalis
        I like standing Lateral to medial
      - Longissimus
      - Spinalis
  - Spine Movements
    - Lateral Flexion
      - Obliques (internal or external)
      - Erector spinae (left or right)
      - Quadratus Lumborum
    - Flexion
      - Rectus Abdominis
    - Extension
      - Erector Spinae
      - Splenius Muscles
    - Rotation
      - Transversalis Group
      - Splenius Group
      - Erector Spinae Grouo
      - Internal Obliques
        ipsilateral
      - External Obliques
        contralateral
- Hypaxial (Trunk)
  - Thoracic
    - Lateral
      - Transversus Thoracic
        Forced expiration Horizontial orientation
      - Internal Intercostal
        Forced expiration
      - External Intercostal
        Forced inspiration
    - Prevertebral
      - Longus Colli
    - Epaxial
      - Erector Spinae
      - Serratus Posterior Superior/Inferior
  - Abdominal
    - Lateral
      - Transversus Abdominis
      - Internal Obliques
      - External Obliques
    - Prevertebral
      - Psoas Major
      - Quadratus Lumborum
    - Ventral
      - Rectus Abdominis
    - epaxial
      - erector spinae

Information

Description: Mind Map on Lower Appendage, created by Julia Morneau on 18/10/2022.
Created by: Julia Morneau
Views: 0
Rating

Lower Appendage

Map content

Information

Feedback

What do you think of the new look?