Cloning and Genetic Engineering

Cloning and Genetic Engineering

1. Introduction to DNA and Genes

   • DNA
     • Is the molecule that stores the genetic information necessary for the development, functioning, and reproduction of living organisms.
     • It is organized into chromosomes and is made up of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
   • Genes
     • Sections of DNA that contain instructions for producing functional biological products, especially protein
     • They contribute to express an organism's characteristics.

2. Biotechnology

   • Is the use of living organisms, cells, or biological molecules to create useful products and processes.
   • Combines biology with areas such as genetics, chemistry, microbiology, and engineering.
   • Is applied in many fields, including medicine, agriculture, food production, industry, and environmental protection.

3. Traditional vs. Modern Biotechnology

   • Traditional biotechnology
     • Uses natural biological processes and techniques such as fermentation and selective breeding to obtain useful characteristics.
     • Used traditional artificial selection and breeding over generations to improve crops and livestock traits.
   • Modern biotechnology
     • Works directly with DNA and uses techniques such as genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, and genome editing.
     • It can target and modify specific genetic information.

4. Genetic Engineering Basics

   • Is the direct manipulation of an organism's DNA using laboratory technology to change its traits or add new characteristics
   • Scientists can add, remove, or modify specific genes, sometimes transferring genetic material from one organism to another.
   • Can be used to develop organisms with characteristics such as disease resistance, improved nutrition, or the ability to produce useful substances.

5. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

   • Living organisms whose genetic material has been deliberately altered using genetic engineering. They can be plants, animals, and microorganisms
   • Developed to improve characteristics such as resistance to insects or diseases, tolerance to environmental conditions, or nutritional value.

6. Cloning

   • What is cloning?
     • Is the process of producing a genetic copy or nearly identical copy of DNA, cells, tissues, or an entire organism.
     • It can happen naturally, such as through asexual reproduction, or artificially through laboratory techniques.
     • Scientists use it for research and to study genes, cells, development, and potential medical applications.
   • Types of cloning:
     • Natural cloning
       • Asexual reproduction. Identical twins. No laboratory intervention
     • Artificial Cloning
       • Laboratory techniques. DNA/cell/organism cloning Somatic. Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) one of the most famous methods
         • SCNT: The nucleus of a body cell is transferred into an egg cell whose nucleus has been removed.