English Midterm

English Midterm

1. Works

   • Navajo Origin Legend
     • Viewed the winds as a source of life
       • Winds=Breath
     • Worshiped Nature
     • Showed the creation of the first man and first woman
   • Earth on the Turtle's Back
     • Personification
       • Gives the animals human traits
     • Determination and Compassion
       • If you are perceived as weak, determination and hard work will bring you where you want to go.
     • Nature
       • nature can be good for us, do not harm nature, use it for your benefit but also give back to the earth as well and do not harm it.
   • Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
     • Made society face the cruelties of slavery and contributed to the banning of slave trade.
     • Descriptive, horrifying journey on the slave ships
   • To My Dear And Loving Husband
     • Last line captures central idea
       • "That when we live no more, we may live ever" Her poem was a way to immortalize her husband's love for her and her love for her husband
     • Title worded almost like a letter
       • Communicates not only to the world but also to her husband. Compares herself to other women. Seems like she's talking to her husband. Uses Apostrophe.
     • Repetition- If ever, if ever, if ever
       • Wants to repeat over and over how much she loves him
     • Puritan perspective
       • Wants to show she's a good, religious wife
         • It shows belief in heaven and shows the reader that she is a good, Puritan wife
   • Huswifery
     • Edward Taylor
     • Metaphysical Poetry
       • Classifies groups that share common characteristics using strong imagery and complicated plots.
     • Conceits
       • Elaborate, unusual metaphors that compare unlike things. Writing about housework, but not about real housework- actually about God and him.
     • Seems like he's talking about housework, but it's a metaphor for relationship with God
       • Giving imagery for religion- says he wants God to use him like a spinning wheel to make something God will be proud of.
   • To His Excellence, George Washington
     • Supports the Revolution
     • Praises efforts of George Washington
   • Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God
     • Terrified listeners
     • Sermon
     • Described hell vividly; threatening
     • Says it is only the power of God that hold sinners above hell; people must change their ways
   • Crisis No. 1
     • Series of essays by Thomas Paine
     • Read to soldiers in the Revolutionary War
     • Argued for independence and freedom
   • Speech to the Virginia Convention
     • Argued for the fight for full independence from Britain
     • Says peaceful arguement didn't work, so what else is there to try?
     • Patrick Henry
     • "Give me liberty, or give me death!"
   • Ben Franklin's Autobiography
     • Created 13 virtues that he wanted to obtain and a daily schedule
     • Moral questions
       • What good do I wish to do today?
       • What good have I done today?
     • Knows most will give up when a task proves too grueling- speckled ax anecdote
     • Gave up trying to obtain all the virtues, but happy he went through the experience of trying to do it
     • Wanted moral perfection
   • Poor Richard's Almanac
     • Aphorisms
       • Short wise sayings meant for moral instruction or practical advice
   • The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls
     • “The day returns, but nevermore returns the traveler to the shore…”
       • Shows that the earth will keep turning even after one is dead.
     • Romanticism
     • Exemplifies the ebbing of day and night (day and night represent life and death)
     • While it is talking about death, the poem also retains a sense of calm
       • The rhyme pattern and the meter adds to the calming feeling of the poem
       • “soft white hands” as an analogy for the sea foam and waves
   • Thanatopsis
     • Becoming one with nature, nature will always lift your spirits
     • Death- uses sleep as a metaphor for death
       • Making it seem peaceful, a natural process
     • Blank verse makes it sound more natural
   • The Raven
     • Evokes a feeling of fear
     • Solitude- narrarator is alone
     • Psycological torment
     • Lenore
       • Doomed character- "nevermore" will she return
   • Hop-Frog
     • Gothic Elements
       • Macabre
       • Remote setting
       • Malevolence
     • Poetic justice
       • King dies on chains, king used to restrain Hop Frog
   • The Devil and Tom Walker
     • After selling soul, Tom becomes a usury (lending money at unreasonably high interest rates)
     • Poetic Justice- deserved a specific type of punishment.
     • Allegory- everything is symbolic
     • Highly archetypal
   • Nature
     • Natural setting
       • Symbolizes leaving stress behind and entering into a more simple space.
         • RWE equates this with youth (innocence)
     • Cast off- a person "sheds" their years and becomes anew in nature
     • Transparent eyeball
       • not really there just a disembodied thing who is taking everything in
       • He's there but it's not about him- not self-centered, no ego.
       • Put the experience first rather than be obsessed with yourself in the experience.
     • Oneness- immersion
   • Self-Reliance
     • Live in an authentic way and don't conform to society
     • Individuality
     • "Foolish consistency"
       • Doing something just because other people told you to
   • Concord Hymn
     • Battle of Lexington and Concord
     • "Shot heard round the world"- synechdoche
     • Rememberance of deaths of ancestors
     • Stylized for more formal setting
     • Those who fought in battle are long gone but memory lives on
   • Walden
     • Thoreau warns against the dangers of commitment
     • Wanted to prove that he could live simply and purposefully
     • Embraced life of solitude and inward reflection
     • Freedom in simplicity
   • Civil Disobedience
     • Government is just a tool; the best government is one that doesn't govern
     • Government imposes on the people
     • People must demand respect of the government
     • calls for better government

2. Authors

   • Edgar Allen Poe
     • Born in Boston
     • Could never escape from poverty. Miserable Life
     • Gothic works
     • His wife was only source of happiness.
       • She died, leaving Poe devastated. Inspiration for doomed female characters
         • Doomed female characters- Madeline (Fall of the House of Usher) Lenore (The Raven) Annabel Lee
     • Shortly after his birth, he was taken in by the family of John Allan.
     • Expelled from West Point and the Univirsity of Virginia
   • Ben Franklin
     • Wrote Poor Richard's Almanac Wrote his Autobiography
     • Worked as printer through teens and early adulthood
       • Wrote parts of newspaper under name "Silence Dogood"- wrote letters satirizing life in Boston
     • Successful scientist as well
       • Bifocals, glass armonica, and lighting rod
     • Also a statesman and diplomat
       • Best remembered for career in politics
         • "father of his country"
   • Anne Bradstreet
     • Puritan upbringing
     • 8 children, illnesses, and hardship
     • Devoted spare moments to "unladylike" occupation of writing
     • Wrote the first collection of original poetry in colonial America
     • Wrote about feelings and joys of everyday Puritan life
       • To My Dear and Loving Husband
     • Belief in heaven, attempts to show reader she was a good Puritan
   • Patrick Henry
     • Talented speaker
       • Could move his listeners easily.
     • "Give me liberty or give me death"
       • Inspired colonists to unite in effort to win independance from Britain.
     • Voice of protest
       • powerful speech in opposition to the Stamp Act
       • Opposition to the Stamp Act
     • Call to Arms
       • Speech to the Virginia Convention
       • Powerful impact, fed the spirit of the Revolution that led to the signing of the Declaration of Independance.

3. Terms

   • Puritan Plainstyle
     • Simple words, everyday objects, and references to God
   • Meter
     • The regular pattern of beats in a line
   • Metaphor
     • A comparison between two things; saying that something is something else, when really it isn't
   • Simile
     • A comparison between two things using "like" or "as"
   • Apostrophe
     • Speaking directly to an absent or dead person, or to a thing
       • Ex: The Author to Her Book by Bradstreet
   • Logos, Pahos, Ethos
     • Ethos- ethical appeal, speaks to ethical side of people
     • Logos- Logical Appeal, appeals to logic, fact, and reason
     • Pathos- appeals to emotions such as love and fear
   • Paradox
     • Statement that seems contradictory but actually presents a truth
   • Elegy
     • a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead
       • Concord Hymn
   • Anecdote
     • A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person
   • Aphorism
     • Short wise saying meant for moral instruction or practical advice
       • Ex: Poor Richard's Alamac
   • Origin Myth
     • A myth that tries to describe the origin of some feature of the natural world
   • Iambic Meter
     • Iambic Monometer
     • Dimeter
     • Trimeter
     • Tetrameter
     • Pentameter
     • Hexameter
     • Alliteration
       • Repetition of initial consonant sounds
     • Synechdoche
       • A saying that represents a larger piece
         • "Shot heard round the world"
   • Personification
     • Figurative language in which an inhuman thing or being is given human qualities
       • Ex: Earth on Turtle's Back
   • Hyperbole
     • Extreme exaggeration
   • Catalog Poem
     • Brings together many different images in a list format
   • Tone
     • The speaker or author's attitude towards a subject
   • Theme
     • Central Idea in a work of writing
   • Onomatopoeia
     • the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named
   • Charged Words
     • Language that produces an emotional response
   • Archetype
     • An idea that is expressed in stories frequently, typical
   • Irony
     • Situational Irony
       • Irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended
     • Dramatic Irony
       • Is normally in speeches or a situation that is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play; the audience knows something the characters don't

4. Literature Movements Or Periods

   • Romanticism
     • Gothic Writing
       • Focuses on the dark or evil aspects of people's lives
       • Also very emotional but has a lot of suspense and deals with evil
       • Edgar Allen Poe
         • Raven Hop Frog
       • Characteristics
         • Bleak or remote settings
         • Macabre or violent incidents
         • Supernatural elements
         • Strong language with dangerous meaning
       • Hawthorne
         • Scarlet Letter Minister's Black Veil
         • Ministers Black Veil
     • Literary and artistic movement
     • Nature as a source of truth
     • Begins in late 18th century
     • Emphasizes feelings of emotion over reason
     • Optimism, adventurous, imagination
   • Colonial Period
     • Age of Reason
       • Enlightenment challenged Puritan beliefs
     • Key Themes
       • Europeans come to America to create ideal civilization
       • Colonists learned to make wilderness productive with help of natives.
       • United States arose from Enlightenment ideals
     • Puritan Influence
       • William Bradford
       • Anne Bradstreet
         • To My Dear and Loving Husband
       • Edward Taylor
       • Johnathan Edwards
         • Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God
         • Puritan, angry speaker
   • Revolutionary Period
     • Call to Arms
       • Declaration of Independance
       • To His Excellency George Washington
       • Patrick Henry
         • Speech to the Virginia Convention
   • American Renassiance
     • Transcendentalism
       • Loose knit group of writers
       • Artists and reformers in 1830-1840s
       • Individual was at center of the universe
     • Self-Reliance
       • Independence and self-reliance
     • Fireside Poets
       • Chose uniquely American settings and subjects
         • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
         • Oliver Wendell Holmes
         • James Russel Lowell
         • John Greenleaf Whittier