C2 part 2

C2 part 2

1. Uses of Crude oil

   • crude oil is SEPARATED into FRACTIONS
     • The HYDROCARBONS in crude oil can be SPLIT into GROUPS
       • the hydrocarbons in a group have about the same BOILING point.
         • SEPARATING crude oil like this is called refining
           • It's done by the PETROCHEMICAL industry using FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
       • Each group is called a FRACTION
   • crude oil has lots of USES
     • the DIFFERENT fractions are uses for DIFFERENT THINGS. They can be used as
       • RAW MATERIALS
         • these are used to make NEW CHEMICALS. Making new chemicals is called CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS
       • LUBRICANTS
         • these are used to make MACHINERY run SMOOTHLY
       • FUELS
         • MOST crude oil is used for FUELS

2. Polymerisation

   • Polymers are very important MAN MADE materials
   • POLYMERS are made from LOADS of SMALL molecules
     • some SMALL molecules are called MONOMERS
       • These can join together to make VERY LONG molecules called POLYMERS
         • this reaction is called POLYMERISATION
   • there are lots of different TYPES of POLYMERS
     • DIFFERENT polymers can have DIFFERENT properties
     • Using DIFFERENT polymers you can make loads of DIFFERENT materials
       • Some are STRONG and STIFF
       • Some are LIGHT and STRETCHY
   • Polymers can be used instead of OLDER materials
     • Some polymers have BETTER properties than OLDER materials
       • We use these instead of the old materials
     • COTTON, WOOL OR SILK
       • POLYMER: Nylon
         • WHY?
           • lighter
           • cheaper
           • lasts longer
     • WOOD
       • POLYMER: PVC
         • WHY?
           • strong
           • lasts longer
           • it's better in extreme weather

3. Structure and Properties of Polymers

   • POLYMERS are made from LOTS AND LOTS of POLYMER CHAINS
     • These are held together by FORCES
       • WEAK FORCES
         • Only a BIT of energy is needed to separate the chains
         • The polymer will have a low melting point
         • It is also easy to STRETCH
       • STRONG FORCES
         • LOTS of energy is needed
         • HIGHER melting points
         • NOT easily stretched
     • POLYMERS can be CHANGED to give them different properties
       • LONGER CHAIN LENGTH
         • stiffer
         • HIGHER melting point
       • CROSS LINKING
         • holds the chains TOGETHER
         • stiffer and stronger

4. Nanotechnology

   • Nanomaterials are really small
     • 1-100 nanometres across
   • Made in DIFFERENT ways
     • NATURE
       • SEASPRAY - the sea makes SALT NANOPARTICLES
     • ACCIDENT
       • COMBUSTION - when fuels are burnt, SOOT NANOPARTICLES are made
     • SCIENTISTS
       • Nanoparticles can also be made in labs by SCIENTISTS
   • Can be added to other MATERIALS
     • to give them different properties
     • added to plastics used in SPORTS EG) tennis rackets
       • Making them stronger
     • SILVER nanoparticles are added to SURGICAL MASKS and BANDAGES
       • they help KILL bacteria
   • Might be harmful
     • we don't KNOW how nanoparticles EFFECT the body
       • So we have to TEST anything with nanoparticles in to CHECK they won't cause any HARM
       • some people are WORRIED that products with nanoparticles havent been fully TESTED