Physics: Final Exam

Physics: Final Exam

1. Chapter 14

   • Newton's Law of Cooling T = Ts + ((T0 - Ts) x e^(-t/time constant))
     • T0 = Object's initial temperature Ts = Surrounding temperature T = Object's curent temperature
   • Units of Heat
     • SI Unit = Joules 1 calorie = 4.186 J 1 Calorie = 1,000 calories
   • Temperature Conversions Tk = Tc + 273.15 Tf = (9/5)Tc + 32
   • Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
     • Heat Capacity = Q / DeltaT Q = Heat energy added DeltaT = Change in temperature
     • Specific Heat = c = Q / (m x DeltaT) m = mass
     • Positive Q = Heat flowing in Negative Q = Heat flowing out
   • Calorimetry
     • Q = m x c x DeltaT
   • Latent Heat
     • To condense: Qcondense = -m x Lvaporization
     • To vaporize: Qboil = m x Lvaporization
     • To melt: Qmelt = m x Lfusion
     • To freeze: Qfreeze = -m x Lfusion

2. Chapter 15

   • Avogadro's number = 6.02 x 10^23
     • Number of molecules in a mole.
   • Atomic Mass
     • m = M / Na Mass of one atom is the atomic mass divided by Avogadro's number.
   • Avogadro's Law, Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law
   • Ideal Gas Law
     • PV = nRT PV = N x Kb x T n = moles, N = Number of particles Kb = 1.38 x 10^-23 J/K
   • Pressure
     • P = NMv^2 / 3V PV = N x (mv^2 / 3) F = 2mv / DeltaT
   • Temperature
     • KE = (3/2) x Kb x T
     • KEtotal = N (KEtrans) = (3/2) x N x Kb x T
     • In number of moles, U = (3/2) x nRT
   • Molecular Speeds
     • v = SQRT ((3 x Kb x T) / m)
   • Specific Heat of Ideal Gas
     • DeltaU = DeltaQ = (3/2) x N x Kb x DeltaT DeltaQ / DeltaT = (3/2) x Na x Kb = (3/2) x R

3. Chapter 16

   • First Law of Thermodynamics
     • DeltaU = Uf - Ui = Q - W
   • Positive Q = Positive DeltaU and energy increases Negative Q = Positive DeltaU and energy decreases
   • Calculating Work
     • W = PA x DeltaX = P x DeltaV P = Pressure in gas A = area of piston
   • Isobaric Process (Constant Pressure): W = P x DeltaV = P x (Vf - Vi) Isothermal Process( Constant Temperature): W = nRT x ln (Vf - Vi) Isochoric Process( Constant Volume): W = P x DeltaV = 0
   • Know the Properties of "Q" and "W".