FALLACIES

FALLACIES

1. PROCEDURES IN ARGUMENTATION RECOGNIZED AS UNSOUND SEEM PERSUASIVE

2. TYPES

   • RESULT OF MISSING GROUNDS
     • pseudo arguments0 reasoning, any sense
       • bare faced assertion; recognized by begging the question: C=G, circularity not advance
         • Epithets: fallacious circular or else permit complex questions to enter into arguments
   • IRRELEVANT GROUNDS
     • offer the wrong type of evidence for that claim
       • evading the issue
         • red herring: misdirect the conversation in to a tangential topic
         • straw man: opposes to other position with out grounds
         • fallacies when position authority as the last word, appeal to force, compassion, people (popular),
   • DEFECTIVE GROUNDS
     • evidence for establishing a claim but is insufficent for establishing the claim in question
       • jump to conclusions: inadequate samples, atypical examples or accident
   • UNWARRANTED ASSUMPTIONS
     • presumptions that you can move from grounds to claim when you really cannot
       • complex questions: yes no questions implies accepting a claim
       • false cause
         • temporal succession and causation: sandwich
         • mistaken cause: dead rats
   • AMBIGUITIES
     • some term in the argument can be constructed in more than one way