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Electronics

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Mind map: Electronics

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Electronics

Electromagnetism
- Electric
  - Fundementals
    - Charge
      - Point (Monopole)
      - Continuous Distribution
        Volume
        Surface
        Line
        Integration
      - Electric Dipole
        Dipole Moment
    - Force
      - Between two point charges
        Coulomb's Law
        Superposition Principle
    - Field
      - Arising from point charge
        Tangent to field line
    - Matter and Motion
      - Point Charges
        Newtons second
        Uniform circular motion under some conditions
      - Dipoles
        No net force
        Torque
        Cross product/ Right hand rule
        Causes rotation clockwise
        Alligns dipole with field
        Potential energy stored
    - Flux
      - Gauss' Law
        Flux (or field lines) through closed surface is proportional to net charge enclosed
        Spherical symettry
        Hollow charged shell / hollow shell with point charge/ uniformly charged sphere
        Line symettry
        Curved cylinder and ends
        Plane symettry
        Sheet of charge
        Sides perpindicular/ Ends parallel
  - Applications
    - Materials
      - Conductors
        Application of E results in current
        Electrostatic equilibrium
        Electric field is zero inside conductor
        Not applicable for moving charge
        Charged conductors
        Excess charge at surface
        The field at the surface is perpendicular to the surface
        Metals
        Abundance of free electrons
      - Insulators
        Doesn't support electric current
      - Dielectrics
        Molecules have intrinsic dipole moments or aquire induced moments
      - Ohmic materials
        Conductivity independant of electric field
        Non ohmic materials
        Conductivity dependant on field
      - Ohmic materials
      - Semiconductors
        Pure
        Holes = electrons
        N type
        Extra electrons
        P type
        Extra holes
        PN junction
    - Electrostatic analyser
  - Electric Potential Difference
    - Potential energy change/ unit charge
      - Volts/ Electronvolts
        Potential of a point charge
        The zero of potential
        Summation for charge distribution
        Integral for continuous
    - Equipotentials
      - Right angles to the field
        No work to move between
  - Electrostatic energy
  - Electric energy density
  - Electric Current
    - Drift velocity
      - Charge density
    - Current density
      - Diffuse currents
    - Electric field is needed to sustain an electric current
    - Conductivity
      - Resistivity
        Temperature dependant (Linear)
  - Resistance
    - Ohm's law
  - Electric power
- Magnetic
  - Fundementals
    - Field
      - Biot-Savart
        How moving charges produce magnetic fields
        Superposition
    - Force
      - At right angles to velocity of charge and field
        GIven by right hand rule
      - Deflection of charged particles
        No work done
        Uniform circular motion
        Cyclotron frequency
        3D trajectories
        Spiral path along field direction
      - Current carrying wire
        Hall Effect
      - Between two conductors
        Parallel currents attract
    - Magnetic dipole
      - Right hand rule
        Torque
        Associated potential energy
      - Current loops
  - Field lines
    - No beggining or end
      - Gauss' law
  - Matter
    - Ferromagnetism
      - Individual magnetic moments alligned to applied field
        Hard
        Soft
    - Paramagnetism
      - Respond weakly to external field
    - Diamagnetism
      - Repel magnets
  - Ampere's law
    - Relates magnetic field around a closed loop to the source of the field (current encircled)
      - Steady current limit
    - Current sheet
  - Flux
  - Energy
    - Magnetic energy density
- EM Waves
  - Plane electromagnetic waves
    - Perpindicular electric / magnetic fields and wave propogation
      - Partial derivatives
        Wave equation
        Wave speed
        Speed of light
        Wave amplitude
      - Polarisation
        Law of malus
  - Electromagnetic spectrum
  - Produced by accelerated charges
  - Energy
    - Wave intensity
      - Average intensity
      - Average intensity
      - Localised sources
    - Momentum
      - Radiation pressure
- Electromagnetic force
- Induction
  - Induced current experiments
    - Move bar magnet towards circuit
    - Move coil near stationary magnet
    - Relative motion of two circuits
    - Switch opening in one of two stationary circuits
  - Effects arising from changing magnetic fields
    - Changing magnetic field produces an electric field
      - Induced electric field is not conservative
  - Faraday's law
    - A force acting on a charged particle is required to drive a current
      - Induced emf
        Motional emf
        Result of a conductor moving through a magnetic field
        Changing fields
    - Of electromagnetic induction
      - Induced emf is proportional to rate of change of flux through any surface bounded by the circuit
        Opposes change in flux
    - Changing magnetic flux produces an electric field
  - Energy
    - Lenz's law
    - Electrical generators
    - Eddy currents
  - Inductance
    - Change in magnetic flux by changing current in a circuit
      - Mutual inductance
        Changing current in one coil produces a changing flux in the other, inducing an emf
      - Self inductance
        A changing current in a circuit results in an induced emf that opposes the change in the circuit itself
        Inductor
- Maxwelll's equations
  - Gauss for electric fields
  - Gauss for magnetic fields
  - Faraday
  - Ampere's
    - Maxwell's modification
      - Changing electric flux and electric current give rise to a magnetic field
        Displacement current
  - In a vacuum
    - Remove all reference to matter
      - Only source of field is a change in the other field
Modern Physics
- Optics
  - Particle
    - Geometrical optics
      - Reflection
        Specular reflection
        Diffuse reflection
        Partial reflection
      - Refraction
        Snell's law
        Brewster's (polarising) angle
        Incidence where no reflection occurs
        Total internal reflection
        Critical angle
        Dispersion
    - Images
      - Types
        Real
        Virtual
      - Mirrors
        Plane mirrors
        Reflection equals incidence
        Curved mirrors
        Types
        Concave
        Light diverges
        Real or virtual
        Convex
        Only virtual
        Upright and reduced
        Reflect rays parallel to the mirror axis so they converge at the focus
        Spherical abberation
        Paraxial approximation
        Ray tracing
        Special rays
        Mirror equation
        Image magnification
      - Lenses
        Converging
        Focus parallel light
        Real or virtual
        Diverging
        Refracts parralel rays so that they diverge
        Virtual, upright and reduced only
        Thin lense approximation
        Lens equation
        Len'smakers formula
        Lens abberations
        If object is close to the lens
        Chromatic abberation
    - Instruments
      - Eye
        Near sighted
        Corrected by diverging lens
        Far sighted
        Corrected by converging lens
      - Microscopes
        Compound microscope
        Eyepiece
        Objective
      - Telescopes
        Refracting
        Eyepiece
        Objective
        Reflecting
        Use mirrors
      - Angular magnification
  - Wave (Physical optics)
    - Coherence
      - Interference
        Constructive
        Destructive
        Slit experiments
        Double slit
        Intensity
        Multiple slit
        Diffraction gratings
        Types
        Transmission gratings
        Reflection gratings
        Grating spectrometer
        Resolution
        X-ray diffraction
        Bragg condition
        Interferometry
        Thin films
        Michaelson interferometer
    - Diffraction
      - Bending of light passing by objects
        Huygen's principle
        Single slit diffraction
        Intensity
      - Rayleigh criterion
        The diffraction limit
        Single slit
        Circular apeture
    - Interferometry
- Atomic Physics
  - Qauntum physics
    - Wave equations
      - Schrodingers equation
        Wave that describes particles
        Solutions : Allowed energy states of the particle
        Qauntised
        Probability relation
        Applications
        EM wave and photon
        Photon energy depends of speed of light (qauntised)
        Hydrogen atom
        Schrodinger in spherical coordinates
        Ground state
        Bohr radius
        Energy levels
        Bound state energies
        Angular momentum
        Orbital
        Angular functions (qauntised)
        Space qauntisation
        Spin
        Fixed for a given particle type
        Qauntised in direction
        Orbit-spin coupling
        Fine structure
        Other atoms
        Pauli exclusion principle
        Atomic transitions
        Collision
        Absorbing/ emitting EM radiation
        Simulated emission
        Spontaneous emission
        Optical spectra
    - Qauntum numbers
      - Orbital angular momentum
      - Principal qauntum number
        Defines energy levels
      - Magnetic qauntum number
  - Molecules and solids
    - Bonding
      - Ionic
      - Covalent
      - Van der waals
      - Hydrogen
      - Metallic
    - Molecular spectra
      - Molecules have motional freedom
        Vibrational motion
        Stretching
        Symettric
        Asymettric
        Vibrational energy levels
        Rotational motion
        Rotational energy levels
        Rovibrational spectra
    - Solids
      - Band structure
        Pauli exclusion
        Continuous bands of allowed energies
        Band gaps
        Conductor
        LIttle/no band gap
        Insulator
        Large band gap, much energy needed to promote
        Semiconductor
        Promotion by thermal energy or applied electric field
        Conduction band
        Valence band
      - Conduction in metal
        Fermi energy
        Highest occupied level at 0 K
        Semiconductors
        Doping (IAdd impurity)
        Provides additional energy levels in gap
        n-type
        Extra electrons
        p-type
        Extra holes
        PN junction
        Depletion region which creates internal electric field
        External voltage applied to increase/decrease internal field and determine current direction
      - Potential energy for ionic crystals
  - Nuclear physics
    - Nucleas
      - Notation
        Z/ no. protons,/ atomic no
        A/ no. nucleons/ mass no.
        N/ no. neutrons
      - Forces
        Nuclear force
        Electric force
        Stable nuclei
        Larger stable nuclei tend to have larger neutron to proton ratios
      - Nuclear spin
        Gives magnetic dipole moment
        Causes hyperfine structure
        Transitions cause photon emission
      - Nuclear models
        Liquid drop
        Nucelas as an incompressible fluid
        Nuclear shell
        Nucleons as electrons in shells
        Collective
    - Radioactive decay
      - Rate of decay (activity)
        Dependant on the amount of nuclei
        Half life
      - Types
        Alpha
        Helium 4 nucleas
        Beta
        Electron and anti-neutrino
        Positron and neutrino
        Gamma
        Photon
      - Decay series
      - Biological effects
    - Nuclear energy
      - Binding energy
        Mass defect
        Binding energy curve
        Fusion
        For small nuclei
        Increase stability by adding nucleons
        Must be high temperature and confined conditions
        Fission
        For larger nuclei
        Increase stability by spontaneously splitting into smaller nuclei
        Can be induced by neutron absorbtion
        Released neutrons can cause chain reaction
        Critical mass
Circuits
- Components
  - Capacitors
    - Carry equal but opposite charge, zero net
      - Charging produces electric field
        Capacitance
        Energy in the capacitor
        Dielectrics increase
        Dielectric constant
    - Connecting
      - Series
        Add current
        Voltage the same
        Add capacitance
      - Parallel
        Current the same
        Add voltage
        Inverse law for capacitance
    - RC
      - Time constant
      - Charging
        Voltage cannot change instantaneously
        Approaches full charge and zero current
      - DIscharging
        Voltage and current decay to zero
  - Resistors
    - Series
      - Current is the same
      - Voltage is the addition
        Voltage dividers
      - Resistance is addition
    - Parallel
      - Current is the addition
      - Voltage is the same
      - Resistance is inverse addition
  - Inductors
    - Back emf
    - RL circuit
      - Current is not instantaneous
        Steady state when the the inductor voltage reaches zero
    - Energy stored
- Emf
- Multiloop circuits
  - Kirchoff's Laws
    - Loop law
      - Conservation of energy
    - Node law
      - Conservation of charge
- AC Circuits
  - Characterised by
    - Amplitude
      - Peak
      - RMS
    - Phase
    - Frequency
      - Angular frequency
  - Elements
    - Resistors
      - In phase
        Ohm's law applies
    - Capacitors
      - Current leads voltage by 90 deg
      - Capacitive reactance
        As frequency approaches zero, capacitance tends to infinity (open circuit)
        As frequency increases, larger currents flow (short circuit)
    - Inductors
      - Voltage leads by 90 deg
      - Inductive reactance
        At high frequencies, open circuit
        At low frequencies, short circuit
  - Phasor diagrams
  - LC circuits
    - Repeating oscillating current with frequency determined by the inductance and capacitance
      - Total energy
    - Damping
      - Critical damping
  - RLC circuits
    - Circuit response dependent of frequency
    - Resonant frequency (current is maximum)
      - Voltages 180 eg out of phase
    - Impedence
    - Average power
      - Power factor
  - Transformers
    - Step up
    - Step down

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Description: Mind Map on Electronics, created by Tianna Wills on 29/10/2017.
Created by: Tianna Wills
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