Approaches and Methodologies in ESL

Approaches and Methodologies in ESL

1. Cognitive Approach

   • Learner-centered focus on explicit teaching of learning strategies in communicative ways
     • CALLA Method
       • Developmentally appropriate language instruction
       • Intentional focus on CALP development in L1 and L2 as related to content areas
       • Focus on prior knowledge
       • Explicit instruction in the following learning strategies: ---Metacognitive ----Cognitive ----Social/affective

2. Grammatical Approach

   • Teacher-centered emphasis on the rules and structure of target language
     • Grammar-Translation Method
       • More emphasis on development of reading, writing, and grammar
       • Less emphasis on oral language development
       • Rules of grammar are taught holistically
     • Direct Method
       • Focus on total immersion in L2
       • No use of L1 allowed in the classroom
       • Involves an open-ended response to materials the teacher brings into the classroom
     • Audiolingual Method
       • Grammar structures are carefully sequenced and taught
       • Minimal use of L1
       • Emphasizes error correction, drills, and repetitive practice

3. Communicative Approach

   • Student-centered emphasis on communication and meaningful acquisition of knowledge
     • Silent way
       • Teacher modeling/talk
       • seldom content based
       • Reinforcement through repetition/signals
     • Natural Way Method
       • Minimal error correction/production
       • Acceptance of students' L1
       • Stresses Comprehensible input
       • Not necessarily content-based
     • Suggestopedia
       • Emphasis on relaxed physical setting
       • Not necessarily content-based
       • Minimal error correction
       • Use of L1 for explanations
     • Intergrated content-based
       • Emphasizes L2 development
       • Subject area integrated into thematic units
       • Focus on content and language integration
     • Sheltered Instruction Method
       • Visuals, cooperative learning, and guarded vocabulary
       • Grade-level modified curriculum
       • scaffolded instruction

4. Information taken from: Herrera, S. G. (2011). Mastering ESL and bilingual methods: differentiated instruction for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

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