Pragmatics

Pragmatics

1. Branch of linguistics

   • Concerned with the use of language in social contexts
     • Philosophy of language
       • The nature of meaning, language use, language cognition, relationship between language and reality.
   • The Speech Acts theory developed by J.L. austin
     • Locutionary
       • Mainly words
     • Ilocutionary
       • Saying equals doing
     • Perlocutionary
       • Reactions on people

2. Coined by C. Morris

3. Syntax , Semantics and Pragmatics

   • Study of linguistic structure
   • Study of meaning
   • Study of relation of language units to language users

4. The Speech Communication Process

   • Elements: Speaker Encoding Message Channel Listener Decoding Feedback Inference Situation
   • A message sent from sender to receiver

5. Language Functions

   • Referential Emotive Connative Poetic Phatic Metalingual
     • Reference
       • Speaker uses linguistic forms to enable the listener to identify something
     • Inference
       • Connecting prior knowledge to the text or speech information to create meaning
     • Deixis
       • Person deixis Place/Spatial deixis Time/Temporal deixis Discourse deixis
   • Roman Jackobson

6. The Cooperative Principle

   • The four maxims: Quality Quantity Relation Manner
     • Failing the maxims: Flouting Violating Infringing Opting-out Suspending
   • Paul Grice
   • Types of implicatures: Conventional Conversational

7. Politeness Theory

   • Robin Layoff Geoffrey Leech Brown & Levinson
     • Maxims: Modesty Agreement Tact Approbation Sympathy Generosity
       • Four main types of politeness strategies according to Brown & Levinson
         • Bald 0n-record Negative Politeness Positive Politeness Off-record

8. Argumentation theory

   • Claim counterclaim Support

9. Communicative & Pragmatic Competences

   • Coined by Dell Hymes in 1966
   • Gramatical competence Sociolinguistic competence Strategic Competence
     • Canale & Swain (1980)
       • Discourse Competence by Canale (1983)
   • Bachman's model of language competence
     • Pragmatic Competence by Rose (1999)
       • Kasper's (1997)
         • Pragmalinguistics & Sociopragmatics