Vygotsky

Vygotsky

1. Emphasis on social factors

   • Every function in the childs cultural development appears twice; first on the social level, second on the individual level.
   • What a child can do with guidance today, she will be able to do by herself tomorrow.

2. ZPD

   • Described as where the child and adult meet, described as the edge of challenge.
   • Distance between the level of tasks that can be solved independently and the level of tasks that can be solved with adult guidance or with more capable peers.
   • Teachers use cooperative learning exercises to help less competent children develop with help from more skilful peers WITHIN ZPD
   • Learning with peers is an effective way of developing skills.
   • IF A CHILD IS IN ZPD FOR PARTICULAR TASK, BOOST MAY HELP TO COMPLETE

3. Role of the adult

   • Instructions and demonstrations
   • More knowledgable other
   • Assess and observe
   • Communicator
   • Opportunities for play

4. Shaffer

   • Father and daughter jigsaw

5. Freund

   • Furniture in dolls house. some worked with mothers after- better.

6. LINKS TO BRUNER

   • SCAFFOLDING - DEMONSTRATING, SIMPLIFYING, SUPPORT, FEEDBACK.

7. VYGOTSKY PLACES MORE EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL - ZPD. P SAYS COG DEV STEMS FROM INDEPENDENTLY EXPLORATION.

8. In some cultures, observation and practice may be more important than social interactions.