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Energy Issues

Hels-W Geog-Energy A-level English

Mind map: Energy issues

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Energy Issues

Sustainable Development: Controlling energy resources so future generations still have a source of energy resources
Energy Security: Access to reliable and affordable sources of energy

Oil Exam Qu

Types Of Energy
- Non-Renewables: Oil, Coal, Natural Gas and Nuclear
- Renewables: Solar, Hydroelectric, Geothermal, Wave & Tidal, Wind and Biomass
- Energy Resource: Any part of the environment that could be used for energy production
- Energy Reserve: Proportion of the resource which could be exploited under existing economic conditions w/ availible tech.
- Primary Energy
  - Raw sources of energy in their natural state. Can be altered to produce secondary energy
  - E.g. Wood, coal
- Energy Reserves
  - Recoverable: Reserves that are known to exist . Amount likely to be extracted for commercial use
  - Speculative: Deposits which may exist, where no exploration is taking place.
- Renewables
  - Critical: Only renewable if the source is properly managed, e.g. wood
  - Non-Critical: Source of energy unaffected by use, e.g. Solar
- Secondary Energy
  - Manufactured sources of energy usually made from primary sources
  - E.g. Biogas, solar power
Global Patterns of Energy Supply, Consumption and Trade
- Energy Gap: Difference between energy supply and demand
- Energy Poverty: Having less energy than is required to meet demand
- General Patterns
  - Production
    - Norway is the highest producer
    - HICs produce more
    - Middle East produce lots: many resources
    - Issues: Insecurity for countries which produce less than they consume
    - Reasons
      - Supply of oil/gas/etc. is scattered
      - LICs cannot afford to develop resources
  - Consumption
    - Canada, Norway, Iceland & Qatar highest consumers
      - Cold winters (excl. Qatar)
      - High producers, can afford to consume energy
    - North of Tropic of Cancer
    - More developed
- Oil
  - Supply
    - Most reserves in M.East
      - Saudi Arabia 25% world's proved resourced
      - Also biggest producer (1/3 world's total
    - Russia, UK & N.AMerica
      - N.Sea & Canada expensive extraction
    - Limited in Africa
      - Except Nigeria, Libya, Angola
    - 40yrs proven reserves
  - Trade
    - Piped or shipped
  - Consumption
    - Asia Pacific demand doubled '82-'06
    - N. America 20 barrels/day
    - Africa,M.East&S.America lowest consumers
    - Eurasia demand decreased
    - USA imports lots
    - Russia exports lots
- Gas
  - Supply
    - US & Russia (38%) important
    - Middle East has most reserves (35%)
  - Consumption
    - No obvious dominator of imports
    - Japan imports from many places
  - Trade
    - Cooled into liquid for transport
    - Can be piped
    - No main exporter
- Coal
  - Trade
    - Aus, S. Africa & Indonesia growing in importance
  - Consumption
    - 92% energy produced Poland & S. Africa
    - 78% e.p China
    - 50% e.p USA
    - 40% worldwide
  - Supply
    - US, Aus, S. Africa, Russia, China, India & C. Eu
    - Decline in W. Eu
      - More expensive to produce
      - Cheaper imports
- Uranium
  - Supply
    - Only 35 countries
    - 46% US, Canada &Aus
  - Consumption
    - France, Sweden & Finland 10-23 mBTUs/capita
    - Mainly MEDCs
      - USA, Canada & W. Europe
    - Little use S. of Tropic of Cancer
- Energy Poverty
  - 25% have no access to electricity
    - 80% rural
  - 2.4b rely on trad. biomass
- Business as usual
  - How world's energy mix would look if current trends continued.
  - Demand for fossil fuels and related carbon emissions would grow by 83%
Energy Conservation
- Sustainable Communities - BedZED
  - Energy Efficiency
    - Face south - solar gain
    - Triple glazed
    - High thermal insulation
  - Water Efficiency
    - Rainwater collected and re-used
  - Renewable/recycled materials within 56km
  - Waste collection promotes recycling
  - Works with City Car Club
  - Success?
    - Compared to UK averages
    - Space-heating 88% less
    - Hot water 57% less
    - Electricity
      - 25% less
      - 11% from solar panels
    - Mains-water 50% less
      - 67% compared to power shower households
    - Car-mileage 65% less
- Ecotowns
  - Built on brownfield sites
  - Weston Otmoor
    - Oxfordshire, 3 miles S. of Bicester
    - Eco-town Case Study
    - 10-15,000 new homes
      - 30-50% low cost
  - Features
    - Waste taken to digester
    - Free buses to town centre
    - Solar panels on most rooves
    - U.ground vacum recycling
  - Controversy
    - Expensive
    - Jobs needed
    - Backdoor to build in rural places
      - Greenfield sites
      - Green Belt land
    - Can be 'soulless suburbia'
      - Dormitory settlements
      - Need links to nearby towns
- Workplaces
  - Man.U.
    - '04 bill £400,000
      - 15,000 tonnes of carbon
    - Installed sub-meters in N&S stands
    - Wardens check equipment is off
    - Employee awareness
    - Sep'06 saved 265 tonnes carbon
      - 18% reduction
    - Recycle rain water
    - Waste recycled, used in energy production
    - Nature reserve w/ lagoon to clean water
  - M&S
    - Signed gov. initiatives for energy efficiency
    - Stores
      - Remote 1/2hour energy monitor
      - 28% more efficient
      - Up to date refridgeration
    - 30% less emissions
    - Off-set projects
      - Achieved carbon neutrality
- Transport
  - Public Transport - Metrolink, Manchester
    - Parallel to existing roads
    - Effects
      - Environmental
        19.9m passengers
        +less pollution from private cars
        Runs on electricity
        +No emissions
      - Public
        Reliable transport in centre of Manchester
  - Congestion Charges -London
    - Aim: to encourage greater public transport use
    - Effects
      - Environmental
        Traffic in CLCZ down 21%
        CO2 and NO down 12%
        45% more cyclists
      - Public
        -Unavoidable trips expensive
        +5% less RTA
        60% less disruption
        Retail sales in the area increased
    - £8/day charge to drive in CLCZ
  - Low Emission Zone - Greater London
    - High polluting vehicles pay a daily charge
    - Aim:Encourage cleaner/ more efficient cars
    - Effects
      - Environmental
        Better air quality within the zone
      - Public
        +Cleaner air
        -Costs if you have to drive through the area
  - 'Greener' cars
    - Aims
      - Manufacturers get green credentials
      - Reduce private car emissions
    - +Fewer emissions from cars
    - Effect on public
      - VW Blue motion tax free
      - Hybrids use less fuel, so are cheaper to run
- Homes
  - Insulation
    - Roofs, walls, doors, floors (carpets)
  - Solar panels on roofs
    - Electricity and hot water
  - Windows
    - Curtains/Blinds
    - Double glazing
  - Energy efficient boiler & appliances
  - Rainwater collection
    - Use on garden, for washing machine & toilets
Environmental Impacts of Energy Production
- Fuel-wood Gathering
  - Use
    - Sub-Saharan 76%
    - Burma&Nepal 90-100%
    - Higher use rurally
    - India 740m
    - Higher in areas w/ more wood
  - Deforestation
    - Loss of habitat
    - Desertification
    - Flooding
  - Circle of Deprivation
    - Circle of Deprivation
- Nuclear
  - Waste Issues
    - Long half life
      - Stays radioactive
    - No longterm storage plan
      - Transport
      - Risk of accident & terrorism
      - Geologically suitable sites
      - Effect on farms/water supply
    - Long commission & decommission time
  - Reduction in use
    - +Only have to deal with legacy waste -More CO2 from fossil fuels +Lower risk of accidents -Not enough energy when fossil fuels run out
  - Increase in use
    - -More nuclear waste +Lower carbon emmisions as lower fossil fuell reliance
- Acid Deposition
  - When acidic compounds created in the atmosphere fall to the earth as dry particles, gas, or when they combine with moisture to create acid rain, snow or fog.
  - Causes
    - SO2
      - Sources: Electricity Production-70%, Transport-7%, Industry-8%, Other-15%
    - NO
      - Transport-53%, Electricity Production-30%, Industry-5%, Other-12%
    - Ammonia
      - Source: Livestock farming
  - Effects
    - Acidification of lakes
      - Death of animals in lake - can't deal with the pH change
    - Eutrophication
      - Excess nitrogen, devoids lake of any plant life except algae
    - Death of trees
      - Acid fog strips leaves of nutrients -> in an area reliant on forestry industry would collapse
    - Building erosion
      - Either through iron corrosion or by dissolving molecules in stone
  - In Europe
    - Causers
      - Spain, UK, Poland, Slovakia, Czech, Ukraine, Bulgaria and Hungary
    - Areas at risk
      - North Sea/East Coast UK, SW Poland, N Czech & Slovakia, Baltic States and Sweden
    - Solutions
      - Low-sulphur coal
      - Scrubbers to remove SO2
        Catalytic converters in cars to remove nitrous oxides
      - Washing coal before burning
      - Switch to natural gas
      - Using other sources of electricity
      - Success?
        '80-'96 sulphur emissions down 75%
        Nitrogen oxide emissions down 20% since mid '80s
- Exhaustion of Fossil fuels
  - Years Left (proven reserves): Coal - 142 yrs, Gas - 61 yrs, Oil - 54 yrs
  - Concerns
    - 80% energy from fossil fuels
    - Global demand to double by 2050
    - Demand should half
      - Environmental & availiblity issues
      - If accepted should only contribute 20%
    - Will be at least 25% energy Gap
Energy Geopolitics
- Conflict - Russia/Ukraine
  - Conflict - Russia/Ukraine(and Belarus)
- Co-operation: UK/Norway
  - Co-operation UK/Norway
- OPEC
  - Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
  - Aim
    - Secure, fair and stable prices for producers
    - Efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum for consumers
  - Increases countries influence
    - Ensure they're not underpayed
  - 12 Members: LICs & MICs
- TNCs
  - BP Case Study
  - At every stage
  - Exploration
    - Negotiations about countries possible reserves
  - Extracting & Refining
    - Build rigs, infrastructure & refineries Local employees -> low skills
  - Transport
    - Maintaining pipes, using tankers
  - Sale
    - Different countries, possibly distributors Distributing to petrol/power stations
  - Alternative Feul
    - Future proofing by investing in alternative sources of energy
Potential of Sustainable Energy
- Types
  - Biomass
    - Biomass
  - Solar Power
    - Solar Power
  - Wave Energy
    - Wave Energy
  - Tidal Energy
    - Tidal Energy
  - WInd
    - Wind Energy
- 13.3% world's primary energy supply
  - 10.6% combustibles 2.2% HEP 0.416% Geothermal 0.039% Solar 0.051% Wind 0.0005% Tidal
- Appropriate Technology
  - Technical expertise and equipment in use suit the economic  and technological levels in a country
Case Studies
- UK
  - UK Case Study
- India
  - India Case Study

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Description: A-level Geog-Energy Mind Map on Energy Issues, created by Hels-W on 02/11/2014.
Created by: Hels-W
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