Linking words luisito 3.0

Linking words luisito 3.0

1. Reason linking words

   • we use "because"
     • I took a taxi because i had some luggage
   • we use "as"
     • As there was no evidence against him, the man was released
   • we use "since"
     • Since we've got some time, let's look around the museum
   • we use "for"
     • We hurried on, for it was getting late
   • we can also use prepositions as:
     • "because of"
       • The match has been cancelled because of the weather
     • "due to"
       • The shop was closed due to illness
     • "Owing to"
       • Owing to its remote situation, the village has no electricity supply
     • "In view of"
       • In view of the test results, we expect the drug to be approved
   • so
     • It was cold, so i turned the heating on

2. Contrast linking words

   • However
     • we use it at the beginning of a second sentence separated by a comma
       • The government passed the new law. However, many people were against it.
     • we use it at the end of a second sentence separated by a comma
       • I agree with the idea. I don't think it's very practical, however.
     • we use it between commas in a second sentence
       • The new system was supposed to be more efficient. In practice, however, it caused chaos.
     • it's a little formal
   • Although/though
     • It contrast without denying the information in the main clause
       • Are followed by a sentence
         • He eats eggs and milk although/though he is vegetarian.
         • If the subordinate clause comes first, is separated by a comma
           • Although he is vegetarian, he eats eggs and milk
           • though can appear at the end of the sentence, proceded by a comma
             • He is vegetarian. He eats eggs and milk, though.
   • Even though/ even if
     • even though, used when the speaker is sure about the information
       • She was still upset about the delay even though he apoloziged
       • even if, not sure
         • She would still be upset even if he had apoloziged
     • followed by a sentence
     • contrast already expressed
   • In spite of/ despite
     • used to express the idea of something unexpected that is happening
     • there are 3 structures
       • -ing
         • In spite of /despite having so much work, he attended his friends meeting
         • noun
           • In spite of /despite the traffic, he managed to arrive on time
           • a sentence introduced by the fact that
             • In spite of /despite the fact that they were tired, they worked really well.
   • While/Whereas
     • They are used when 2 ideas are being compared and contrasted within a sentence to speak about their differences, but without contradicting each other
       • followed by a sentence
     • I said that i preferred travelling to Amsterdam while/whereas he wanted to visit Paris
       • While/whereas he chose a chocolate cake for dessert, i chose creme caramel
         • at the beginning
       • between the sentence
   • But
     • We can join two sentences
       • Expresses a contrast or conflict between two ideas
     • Nick has a car, but he doesn't often driven it.

3. Comparison

   • On the other hand
     • We use these words to express a comparison between two ideas.
       • We use it between commas and after a point
         • There is, on the other hand, a lot of noise from the traffic.

4. Purpose

   • To
     • We can use the to-infinitive to express purpose
       • Most people work to earn money
   • In order to/so as to
     • are formal than to
       • The government took these measures in order to reduce crime. The staff are working at weekends so as to complete the project in time
   • So that
     • after so that we use a subject an verb
       • we often use will/can for a present purpose and would/could for a past purpose
         • I'll give you a map so that you can find/you'll find the way all right
         • I give Nick a map so that he could find/would be able to find the way all right
   • for
     • we can use for with a noun to say why we do something
       • to talk about the purpose of a thing: we use to -infinitive or for+ing form
         • not for specific action
           • This machine is used to cut/for cutting plastic

5. Condition

   • If/unless/in case
     • are used to express a condition
       • Rachel might buy a car if she passes her test
       • You won't learn to use the keyboard properly unless you practise
       • We'd better start early in case there are traffic hold-ups

6. Link across sentences

   • too
     • You go to United's games, don't you Tom? You watch them on TV, too
   • on the other hand
     • Well, I'm a fan. It's wonderful when United win. On the other hand, it's terrible when they lose
   • After all
     • Why not have change? After all, there are other things in life
   • for example
     • There's music, for example. Why don't you go to a concert some time?
   • they make a link with an earlier sentence

7. Words and phrases meaning and/but/so

   • too/as well
   • also
   • In addition
   • Besides
   • Furthermore
   • still
   • However
   • Nevertheless/All the same
   • On the other hand
   • therefore
   • Consequently/as a result

8. Other linking words

   • In other words
   • I mean/Or rather
   • On the contrary
   • Talking of
   • By the way
   • after all
   • Anyway
   • for example/for instance