Linking Words in consessive clauses

Linking Words in consessive clauses

1. ALTHOUGH

   • Used if the subordinate clause comes first, it’s then separated by a comma.
     • -Although the weather was very cold, we decided to go for a walk. -The goverment passed the new law although many people opposed it.
       • SOMETIMES IT’S POSSIBLE TO REDUCE THE CONCESSIVE CLAUSE BY LEAVING OUT THE MAIN VERB
         • -Although I very tired, we watched the whole of the play.
         • YOU SHOULD ONLY DO THIS WHEN THE CONCESSIVE REFERS TO THE SUBJECT OF THE MAIN CLAUSE. YOU WOULDN’T SAY:
           • -Although very boring, we watched the whole of the play.
   • EVEN THOUGH
     • is stronger, more emphatic than although.
       • -Matthew looked quite fresh, even though he’d been playing squash.
       • Even though you dislike Jessica, you should try to be nice with her.

2. THOUGH

   • MORE USUAL IN SPEAKING AND CAN APPEAR AT TE END OF A SENTENCE, PRECEDED IN THAT CASE BY A COMMA.
     • -I agree with the idea. I don’t think it’s very practical, though.

3. WHILE

   • We can use to contrast two aspect of the same thing or two similar things within a sentence
     • -While I agree with the idea, I don’t think it’s very practical.
     • -Some of my Friends have found work while others are still unemployed.

4. HOWEVER

   • We use it when the contrast is expressed in a separate sentence.
     • We use a comma to separate however from the rest of the sentence.
       • -The goverment passed the new law. However, many people were against it.
       • -I agree with the idea. I don’t think it’s very practical, however.
   • formal

5. IN SPITE OF AND DESPITE

   • Both linkers are used to express the idea of sothing unexpected that is happening.
     • We use these with a noun (not usually a personal pronoun) to express concession or contrast.
       • We use these before a noun, the ing-form of a verbo r a sentence introduced by the fact that.
         • -In spite of/ Despite cold weather, we decided to go for a walk.
         • -The goverment passed the new law in spite of/ despite the opposition.
         • -Mark went on working in spite of/despite feeling unwell.
         • If we use these prepositions with a clause, we have to include the fact that.
           • - The goverment passed the new law in spite of/despite the fact that many people were against it.
             • Despite and in spite of cannot be followed by a main verb. You cannot say:
               • -Despite he was late, John had another cup of coffee

6. BUT

   • We can join two sentences. It expresses a contrast or conflict between two ideas.
     • -The café was crowded, but we found a table.
     • -Nick has a car, but he doesn’t often drive it.

7. EVEN THOUGH, EVEN IF

   • THESE TWO LINKERS ADD EMPHASIS TO THE CONTRAST ALREADY EXPRESSED
     • diference
       • using EVEN THOUGH, the information is sure, but not so with EVEN IF. BOTH ARE FOLLOWED BY A SENTENCE.
         • -She was still upset about the delay even though he apologized (sure). -She would still be upset even if he hed apologized. (not sure)

8. WHILE, WHEREAS AND ON THE OTHER HAND

   • They are used when two ideas are being compared and contrasted within a sentence to speak about their differences, but without contradicting each other. Followed by a sentence:
     • -I said that I prefered travelling to Ireland, while/whereas he wanted to visit Paris.
     • -While/whereas he chose a chocolate cake for dessert, I chose Apple pie.
     • --The flat is conveniently located. On the other hand, there´s a lot of noise from the traffic/ There is, on the other hand, a lot of noise from the traffic.
       • SOMETIMES EITHER BUT OR WHEREAS IS POSSIBLE:
         • -The red pills make me feel sick, but/whereas the blue oned don’t.

9. TO

   • We can use the to.infinitive to express purpose.
     • -Most people work to earn money.

10. IN ORDER TO AND SO AS TO

    • In order to and so as to are more formal tan to.
      • The goverment took these measures in order to reduce crime.
        • -The staff are working at weekends so as to complete the Project in time.

11. SO THAT

    • After so that we use a subject and verb.
    • We often used will or can for a present purpose and would or could for a past purpose:
      • I’ll give you a map so that you can find/ you’ll find the way all right.

12. TO OR FOR?

    • We can use for with a noun tos ay why we do something
      • Why don’t you come over for the coffee?
      • To talk about the purpose of a thing, we use either a to-infinitive or for + an ing-form
        • -This machine is used to cut/for cutting plastic.

13. TIME WORDS

    • When, While, As soon as
      • -My leg hurts when I walk (=at the time I walk)
      • -As soon as Laura had left the house, it started to rain (=immediately after she had left)
      • -I must get to the post office before it closes (=earlier than it closes)
      • You have to wait until the light changes to Green (= up to the time it changes)
      • David hasn’t been able to work since he broke his leg (=from the time he broke his leg)

14. If, unless and in case

    • If, unless and in case

15. REASON CLAUSE

    • It explains information in the main clause, can present information in a logical way by coming first.
      • -As the organisers had paid attention to detail, the festival was a great success.
      • Since I had bought an extra ticket for the concert, I invited Mike to go with me.
    • CONJUCTIONS COMMONLY USED ARE:
      • AS, BECAUSE, SINCE, FOR

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