Information Processing

Information Processing

1. Whitings model of information processing

   • Input is the display which is the sporting environment
   • Receptor sytems are the senses these can be external: hearing and sight or internal: touch, balance, kinaesthesis.
   • Perceptual mechanisms
     • DCR: detect the object, compare to past experiences and recognise the required response due to having past experiences in the long term memory.
     • selective attention - The process of focusing on and picking out relevant cues from irrelevant cues which are filtered out or ignored.
       • Benefits of selective attention: allows you to focus on sport, means you can read the game better and adapt quicker as well as being able to look at a number of cues at one time.
       • How to improve selective attention: lots of varied practice, intensify the stimuli, include lots of distractions in practice, improve their perception and motivate performer.
   • Translatory mechanisms
     • working memory model
       • Central executive - The control centre of the working memory model. It uses 3 other systems to control all information moving in and out of memory system
       • Visuospatial sketchpad - used to temporarily store visual and spatial information.
       • Episodic buffer - Coordinates the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the long term memory.
       • Phonological loop - Deals with auditory information from the senses and helps produce the memory trace.
       • Long term memory - has unlimited capacity and sends motor programmes to working memory for the current situation.
         • Ensuring effective storage: chunking = small groups of information put together and memorised as one, meanignful, mental rehearsal, reinforcement/ rewars, enjouable/ fun experiences, practice/ rehearsal = repetition overlearns or grooves a skill, linking/associating with past experiences, chaining = information should be presented in a organised manner.
     • Reaction time = is the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a response.
       • Movement time = is the time taken to complete the task.
       • Response time = is the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task.
       • Simple reaction time = no decision to make, one stimulus and one response .
       • choice reaction time = more than one response to choose.
         • Hicks law = reaction time increases proportionally to the number of possible responses.
       • Factors that affect reaction time: fatigue, age, number of stimulus, warm up, presence of a warning signal, males are generally faster.
       • Improving response time: practice - repeating, mental regearsal, experience, try anticipation, warm up, improve fitness levels, gain optimum arousal, detect cues early and selectively attend.

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