? Question ?

? Question ?

1. Soft Drink

   • Which soft drink is the worst for bones?
   • Chemicals
     • Creation of Elements
       • Aestroids
         •    Solid rocklike masses  Most are less than 1km in diameter The majority of asteroids come from the Asteroid Belt.  Asteroids are broken down into 3 major categories:     C-type (carbonaceous chondrite)    M-type (Iron)    S-type (Stony)   
         • Stars
           •    Nebula → Protostar → Star like the sun or Massive Star → Red Giant or Red Supergiant → Planetary Nebula or Supernova → White dwarf or Black hole or neutron star.   
           • Cycle of Starts
             • Stellar Nebula
               • Massive Star
                 • Red Supergiant
                   • Supernova
                     • Neutron Star
                     • Black Hole
               • Average Star
                 • Red Giant
                   • Planetary Nebula
                     • White dwarf
           • Galaxies
             •    A group of millions or billions of stars held by gravity   •Largest known galaxy is 60x the diameter of the Milky Way.   •Most galaxies have a supermassive black hole at their center. •Usually found in clusters   
             • Universe
               • Big Bang Theory
             • Solar System
               •    The solar system was formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Gravity collapsed a cloud of gas and dust on itself to form the Sun. With the rise of the sun, remaining material began to clump. The beginning of the solar system was chaotic. Planet sized objects collided into each other.   
               • Planets
                 • Moon
                   • Impact Theory
                     • 1. Earth is hit off-center by a planet-sized object 2. The impact heats and deforms both bodies. Some rocky debris remains in orbit around Earth. 3. The debris ring -- comprised of rock from the lighter outer layers of Earth and the impactor --- gradually coalesces, forming the moon. 
                   • Meteoriod
                     • a celestial body that can range in size from a speck to an object weighing thousands of kilograms. 
                 • Asteroid Belt
                   • Boundary line of Rocky planets and Jovian planets   -closer to planets centre = hydrogen is compressed to a hot liquid -less dense than earth's and have ring systems   
                   • Rocky Planets
                     •    Inner “Rocky” Planets (terrestrial planets) - Mercury, Venus, Earth & Mars (rocky crusts, dense mantle layers, very dense cores.   
                   • Jovian Planets
                     •    Outer “Jovian” planets (Gas giants) -  Jupiter, saturn, uranus & Neptune   
           • HR Diagram
             • Doppler Effect
               • The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift) is the change in frequency of a wave (or other periodic event) for an observer moving relative to its source.
               • Electromagnetic Spectrum
                 • A continuum depicting the range of electromagnetic radiation, with the longest wavelength at one end and the shortest at the other. 
                 • Red shift
         • Earth Formation
           • Lava
             • The First Life of Earth
               • Evolution
                 •  Evolution is the process of organisms disappearing, and reappearing with changes. Scientists are able to identify the difference between each dinosaurs and relate it back to today through fossil analysis. Then, through each fossils - scientists are about to determine the climate of the time period depending on how the fossil was formed, which helped understand the concept of evolution in a better sense. Moreover, evolution is applicable to today’s event as people are constantly evolving in order to survive the environment.   
                 • Fossils
                   • Absolute time
                     •    Radioactive Decay: The emission of particles from radioactive isotopes Alpha Decay: an alpha particle (2 neutrons and 2 protons) is emitted. Beta Decay: a neutron disintegrates into a proton and an electron, and the electron is emitted   Electron Capture: is when a proton captures an electron and becomes a neutron    Half-life: is the rate at which half of the radioactive material decays to a stable product    
                   • Relative dating
                     • the procedure in which events are placed in the sequences that they occurred, however it does not identify the accurate dates on which these events have occurred. The Law of Superposition states that the sedimentary strata are deposited so that the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the youngest at the top. 
             • Minerals
               •    Minerals occur naturally. They are solid and have a definite chemical composition. Their atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern and they are inorganic.   Formed by :   Most minerals are formed out of molten rock, or magma, in which atoms, molecules, and ions can move freely. As magma cools, the atoms, molecules, and ions move closer together and form chemical bonds that create compounds.     
               • Rock
                 •    Mixture of minerals. Classified as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks
                 • Statra
                   • Cross Cutting
                     • when a igneous intrusion makes its way younger strata, in which the intrusion is always younger than the surrounding strata. 
                   • Unconformity
                     • when a layer of rock is missing in the strata sequence. 
                   • Angular unconformity
                     •    After an uplift event, the strata were exposed, eroded and the environment changed where the strata were buried again.  Disconformity: when the horizontal layer is lifted, eroded and resubmerged to acquire new sediment.   
                   • Nonconformity
                     • when a layer has been deposited on top of igneous or metamorphic rock 
                   • Erosion
                     • The process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents. 
                 • Igneous
                   •    Igneous: Rocks formed by the cooling and hardening of hot, molten rocks, or magma. --> classified as felsic and mafic. Felsic magma is thick and slow - moving, and lighter -  coloured. Mafic magma is hotter, thinner, and more fluid - like.    --> Separated into different families: Granite, gabbro, and diorite.   
                 • Sedimentary
                   •    Rocks formed by the compaction and cementation of layers of sediments. --> Clastic Rocks: formed due to fragments of other rocks, majority are collected and moved by running water ending up with smooth and rounded structure due to the constant rubbing against one another. --> Chemical Rock: Formed by precipitation of minerals from water. Precipitation is when dissolved materials come out of water.   
                 • Metamorphic
                   •    Metamorphic: Rocks are formed from preexisting rocks by pressure, heat, and moisture.  Metamorphic rocks are sedimentary or igneous rocks that have been modified or changed in form, that is, the size, shape and arrangement of the minerals in rocks, by heat or pressure. Metamorphic rocks are identified by the types of minerals they contain and their texture.     
       • Death of the Star

2. Hypothesis

   • As a starting point of the investigation, you guess the result based on your knowledge and research ex) part 1: Soft drinks contains lots of chemicals that as potential to harm human bones, teeth, and organs. Most soft drinks put unnecessary chemicals in in order to make taste better and more attractive. According to my knowledge, bones consist of collagen fibres, water, proteins, inorganic salts, and bone minerals such as calcium. I think those composition of bone could react to chemicals in soft drinks. As a result, animal bones that used in the experiment would be rotten. Also, soft drinks would lose its carbonic acids and turn into pudding form due to bones’ collagens.  
   • Experiment
     • To discover new fact, test a hypothesis ex) Part 1: go on a test following the procedure    1.      Wash empty plastic bottles and cut them into half 2.      Put each bone into each half-bottle cups 3.      Write down the name of bones and soft drinks on the cups 4.      Pour each soft drinks into cups 5.      Wrap the top of the bottle so that hydrogen cannot enter 6.      Put all the cups into the box so that they can avoid sun light or any other lights which might affect.   
     • Analyze Data
       • collect data from the experiment and analyze based on knowledge  ex) part 1: collect data from daily observation and compare them. 
       • Conclusion
         • Make a conclusion on new scientific fact and come up with new question ex) Part 1:  Rankings (worst to least) 1.      Coke-zero 2.      Coke 3.      Lemon Tea  4.      Sprite  5.      Cream soda   
     • Observation : Continental drift
       • Wegener used many observations to support his hypothesis.  --> the fossil remians of Mesosaurus, a reptile that lived about 270 million years ago, are found only in parts of South America and Africa. 
   • Continental drift
   • Plate Tectonics
     • The continents are embedded in lithospheric plates. As these plates move, they carry the continents with them. 
     • Earthquakes
     • Volcanoes