3. Describe the state of nature for Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau.

3. Describe the state of nature for Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau.

1. Hobbes

   • We are in constant warfare with one another. Every man against every man.
     • Authority will protect and preserve mens lives and properties
   • There can be no economy because men pursue their own self interest
     • Sovereign law limits humans to join together as a common enemy
   • Humans are rational and pursue own desires efficiently
     • willing to submit to authority to preserve their lives

2. Locke

   • State of "peace, goodwill, mutual assistance, and preservation." All men have equal rights and are free by nature
   • Property is not secure
     • Private property is created by mixing personal labour with raw materials of nature
       • You cannot take more property than your own fair share
         • Nature belongs to all mankind
       • This creates a need for government. Protection of property and bodies
   • governed by natural laws
     • In the state of nature there is absence of power to maintain natural laws
       • Unlimited sovereignty is contrary to natural law
         • Government is only sovereign when fulfilling its purpose to protect and uphold the natural laws
   • State of nature=state of liberty
     • To maintain liberty with a government, man does not surrender all rights to a single power, but gives over the power of justice to a government
       • Government is formed through consent

3. Rousseau

   • Happy and equal
     • Lost in modern civilization
       • The General Will upholds happiness and equality
         • The state and Law are a byproduct of the General Will
   • Freedom is obeying yourself
     • The General Will
       • Will of the majority of citizens.
       • Obeying the general will implies that you are obeying yourself
         • If you obey yourself, you are free
   • Private property=greed and competition
     • Represents "Fall from Grace" out of the state of nature. Happiness and equality were lost
       • Surrender rights and consent to the "General Will"
         • Part with natural rights to gain civil liberites
   • "Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains."

4. State of Nature = no government and no law

5. Evaluate how their ideas affect the terms of the social contract theory that emerge from it.