LEARNING

LEARNING

1. Refers to any relatively permanent change in behaviour or in the potential for behaviour brought about through experience .

   • REINFORCER: is defined as any stimulus or event, which increases the probability of the occurence of a (desired) response.
     • Positive reinforcement: The addition of a desirable stimulus increases the likelihood that a behaviour will be repeated.
     • Negative reinforcement: The removal of a negative stimulus increases the likely that a behaviour will be repeated.
     • PUNISHMENT:An event that decreases the behaviour that it follows.
       • Positive punishment: The administration of aversive stimulus
       • Negative punishment:Withdrawal of a desirable stimulus.

2. Classical conditioning

   • is a form of learning in which a previously learnt stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unlearned or unconditioned response.
   • occurs because of the association in time of a neural stimulus that already elicits the response. the CS becomes a signal that predicts the occurence of the UCS

3. Operant conditioning

   • Operants are those behaviours or repsonses, which are emiited by animals and human beings voluntarily and are under their control. Conditioning of operant is called Operant conditioning. SKINNER BOX

4. Primary VS Secondary Reinforcers

   • Primary reinforcers:unlearned, innate -food
     • Secondary reinforcers: conditioned, learned --money

5. PARADIGMS OF LEARNING

   • Classical conditioning
     • Instrumental/operant conditioning
   • Observational learning, cognitive learning, verbal learning,concept learning,skill learning

6. EXTINCTION: means dissapearance of a learned response due to removal of reinforcement from the situation in which the response used to occur.

7. When a learned response occurs or is elicited by a new stimulus, it is called GENERALISATION.

8. METHODS USED IN STUDYING VERBAL LEARNING

   • 1.Paired-associates learning 2.Serial learning 3.Free recall

9. WHAT IS A CONCEPT?

   • A concept is a category that is used to refer to a number of objects and events.
   • 1.Artifical concept 2.Natural concept

10. LEARNING STYLES

    • 1.Perceptual modality 2.Information processing 3.Personality patterns

11. LEARNING DISABILITIES:It refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested in terms of difficulty in the acquistion of learning, reading,writing ,speaking, reasoning and mathematical activities.

12. MOTIVATION: It is a mental state as well as a psychological state,which arouses an organism to act for fulfullingthe current need.