Topic 1

Topic 1

1. Building construction

   • Foundation : Transfers weight of building to the ground
   • Structural system (Superstructure) : rises above grade, supported by substructure, enclosure system and include exterior wall cladding,windows and roofing.
     • Interior finishes : attached to/suspended from superstructural elements at floors,walls and ceilings.
       • Services : various electrical,mechanical,plumbing systems etc.

2. Building Frame

   • Structure used to resist vertical forces and lateral forces.
     • Vertical forces : Dead load (structure of the building) & Live load. (people inside the building).
     • Lateral forces : Environmental forces (wind, snow, rainfall, earthquake).
     • Criteria : - Have no reasonable structural limits. - Unlimited Heights. - Capability of large spans.
   • Timber Frame
     • - Reduced project cost : as it is better control and faster pace. - Faster build : It is 30% shorter time than brick and block. - More flexible design : Suitable for different building types and layouts.
   • Concrete Frame
     • Have structural systems consisting of a framework of reinforced concrete columns beams and girders.
     • Rigid Frames
       • Built at the site.
         • Pin-ended ; Has members connected by pins considered non-rigid if it would collapse when the supports are removed.
       • Fixed-ended ; The structures in which one or more than one members are fully constrained.
     • Braced Frames
       • Resist lateral forces by the bracing action of diagonal members.
         • Gabled Frames
           • - Usually have the peak at their top. - Use where there are possibilities of heavy rain and snow.
         • Portal Frames
           • Distinguished by the rigid connection of the rafters to the posts of the frame
             • A-shaped
               • Like a door
   • Steel Frame
     • Methods : Hot rolling & Cold rolling

3. Prefabrication

   • Construction method that used components that made in factory.
     • Includes assembling components
       • 1 - Manufactured in factory. 2- Transporting to site. 3- Erect in site.
   • Advantages
     • - Rapid construction. - Cost effective. - Safe & clean site.
   • Disadvantages
     • - Transportation of components (high risk). - Construction cost (used of cranes). - Less layout flexibility (standardize).

4. Pre-cast

   • Anything that would be formed in mould.

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