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firewalls: stop attackers from gaining unauthorised access to a device. effective firewalls could be very expensive

• stop attackers from gaining unathorised access to a device

software and interface design

antivirus software: can stop files that contain viruses from accessing your computer system. needs to be continually updated

device hardening: applying security patches and updates. installing a firewall

backing up / recovering data:

encryption: scrambles data. does not stop data from being stolen