Grammar unit 2

Grammar unit 2

1. Gerunds

   • The gerund is a verb form ending in -ing which is used to form verb tenses, and which in English may also be used as an adjective and a noun
     • It is used with (be) to form continuous tenses such as the present continuous, present perfect continuous, past continuous, past perfect continuous, future continuous and future perfect continous
       • Present continuous: S + am/is/are + v-ing + C
         • - I´m studying English.
           • Past continuous: S + was/were + v-ing + C
             • - I was studying English.
               • Future continuous: S + will + be + v-ing + C
               • - I will be studying English.
       • Present perfect continuous: S + have + been + v-ing + C
         • - I have been studying English.
           • Past perfect continuous: S + had + been + v-ing + C
             • - I had been studying English.
               • Future perfect continuous: S + will + have + been + v-ing + C
                 • - I will have been studying English
       • We can use a gerund as the subject of the sentence. When the gerund is a noun, it can be the subject of the action described by the verb.
         • S (gerund) + V + C
           • - Voting is an important responsibility
         • We use a gerund after certain verbs and phrases in specific.
           • Avoid, enjoy, (don´t) mind, insist on, feel like, be into, worry about, finish, give up, can´t help, imagine, keep, miss, suggest, dislike, mention, afraid of, deny, discuss, practice, quit, resist, (have) fun, (have) a good/bad time, (have) a tough time, be busy
             • S + V + v-ing + C
               • - I enjoy going to parties.
               • - I avoid expressing my feelings.
           • When a verb follows a preposition or phrasal verb, it is necessary to use the "gerund"
             • S + V + preposition + v-ing + C
               • - I pray before eating.
             • S + PV + v-ing + C
               • - He kept on asking for money.

2. Infinitives

   • The infinitive is a form of the verb that hasn’t had any endings added to it and doesn’t relate to any particular tense. In English, the infinitive is usually shown with to. An infinitive can be a to-infinitive or a bare infinitive (without to)
     • As the infinitive has no tense, it does not in itself indicate the time of the action that it refers to.
       • Present infinitive: S + V + to-infinitive + C
         • - I was glad to see her.
           • Progressive infinitive: It + to be + adjective + to-infinitive+ C
             • - It 's difficult to hear his.
               • Perfect infinitive: (to) have + past participle
                 • We use an infinitive after certain verbs in specific.
                   • Agree, hope, intend, learn, plan, promise, arrange, claim, decide, demand, deserve, expect, pretend, refuse, volunteer
                     • - He plans to go to Europe.
                       • - I hope to play soccer.
                     • S + V + to-infinitive + C
                   • The infinitive can go after adjectives to indicate the reason for this.
                     • S + to be + adjective + to.infinitive + C
                       • - Your dogs are excited to go to the park
                     • The bare infinitive is used after the modal verbs, let, make, would rather, and had better
                       • You must help others.
                 • - Lucy was assumed to have left the day before.

3. Wishes

   • We use the verb wish in English when we want a situation to be different to what it actually is.
     • Wish can be used as a verb or a noun, these are some sentences in which the word wish is used as a noun
       • S + V + C (wish)
         • - She made a wish
       • When we use wish followed by a verb in the to-infinitive form.
         • S + wish + to-infinitive + C
           • I wish to visit you in the summe
         • In the same way, we can use ‘wish’ with an object and an infinitive.
           • S + wish + object + to-infinitive + C
             • - I wish these people to leave.
               • We use wish and if only to talk about things that we would like to be different in either the present or the past. If only is usually a bit stronger than a wish.
                 • We can use wish/if only + a past form to talk about a present situation we would like to be different.
                   • S + wish/if only + S + V + C
                     • - I wish you didn't live so far away. - If only we knew what to do.
                       • We use “wish” + would + infinitive to express dissatisfaction with the present situation.
                         • - I wish you would stop making so much noise.

4. Preferences

   • When we are given choices, there are special phrases we use to say which thing we like more than another. We call these choices “preferences.”
     • A general preference is something you like more as a whole.
       • S + prefer + gerund/noun + C
         • - I prefer drinking tea. - I prefer tea.
         • S + prefer + to-infinitive + C
           • - I prefer to go to the park
       • A specific preference is something you like or want more at a given point in time, either right now or in the future. We use the expressions “would prefer” and “would rather” to talk about such things. These phrases have the same meaning.
         • S + would + prefer + to-infinitive + C
           • - I’d prefer to go out than stay home.
             • S + would + rather + infinitive + C
               • - I'd rather go to the cinema.
                 • Bibliography
                   • https://grammar.collinsdictionary.com/es/gramatica-de-aprendizaje-espanol/the-gerund
                     • https://open.books4languages.com/english-b1-grammar/chapter/gerunds-as-subjects/
                       • https://www.britishcouncil.org.mx/blog/infinitive
                         • https://www.grammaring.com/the-forms-of-the-infinitive
                           • https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/wish-and-if-only
                             • https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/how-to-talk-about-preferences/4605975.html
                   • https://englishpost.org/grammar-lessons-the-verb-wish/