Philosophy

Philosophy

1. The founding fathers of Philosophy

   • Aristotle
     • Pupil of Plato. Has the belief that All Humans have the desire to acquire knowledge as they take delight in perception.
       • Differed himself from Plato by disregarding the idea of form.
         • According to Aristotle there are three types of form;
           • 1) UNIVERSAL - (examples: human, animal, colour)
             • 2) INDIVIDUAL: (examples: student, girl, tall)
               • 3) INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES: The subject or physical thing that has characteristics said of it.
                 • Physical Individual Existing Thing
         • To be is to be a substance
           • Substance is composite
             • Matter
             • Form
       • Differs from Plato and Socrates who write "dialogues by writing "treatises"
       • All knowledge comes from the senses
     • Rational Animal
     • 10 Categories of Being
       • Substance
         • Quantity
           • Quality
             • Relative
               • Where
                 • Time
                   • Position
                     • Having
                       • Doing
                         • Affected
       • Stars question quick rates when tangential producers hush drab actors
   • Plato
     • Aristotles philosophical teacher. He was more radical he believed that "Human beings strived for the completeness of truth
       • His teacher was Socrates
       • His question: We all have a multiplicity of things in life? What is the relation between all things? And how can they be it?
     • The allegory of the Cave (The Republic)
       • Seeks to answer the concept of "real" and truth
       • Being
         • Sensible (The visible realm). Use of sense perception
           • ONTOLOGICAL
             • INTELLECTUAL
               • VISIBLE
                 • SHADOWS , REFLECTIONS, IMAGES , COPIES
             • The nature of being alive
         • Super Sensible (The intelligible realm). Use of the mind and rational thinking capacity. Contains everything perfect
           • EPISTEMOLOGICAL
             • THOUGHT
               • BELIEFS OR OPINIONS
                 • IMAGINATION
             • True knowledege
         • Doctrine of Ideas: The natural tendency of the human mind to solve the problem of being
       • The souls journey from sense perception to the reality only the mind can see
   • Both believe that human require knowledge for quenching our inherent desire for happiness or blesedness
     • Both place general truths higher than particular ones. Knowledge is precise and unchangable

2. The Difference Between Science and Philosophy?

   • Differences
     • In Modern day, the knowledge of Science and Mathematics hold the highest value in Society. Experimental Science would label these the definitive type of knowledge
       • Science leaves out all reference to human life.
         • Although Science is saturated with Philosophy this is only in the form of theories and hypothesis' . Science cannot give a valuation or justification for its activities that is not philosophical.
     • It is not technical or methodical.
       • Unlike Science there is a multiplicity of procedures , assumption and hypothesis' all which are chosen on varying convictions

3. Philosophy cannot be escaped

4. The Difference Between Religion and Philosophy?

   • The latter kind of knowledge is more important than the former. Knowledge of both kinds is presented as the result of disobedience
     • In Philosophy two kinds of of human knowledge are showcased.
   • In Philosophy: The "good life" is the consequence of intelectual activity.
     • In Religion: The "Good Life" is living how God wants you to live and following a set of morals

5. Metaphysics

   • Meta = over and above Physico=nature
   • Definition (1): Metaphysics is known as the study of the one substance that necessairily exists abd connects the many materia things we observe. A quote from Aristotke labels it as "universal and exclusively concerned with primary science.
     • Definition (2): Is the study if the nature of essence of things in so far as they are. It is the investigation into being qua being.
       • Definition (3): Metaphysics searches for the conditions and properties for the possibility of anything whatsoever to be.
   • Problem
     • What is the one substance that exists and causes and connects our world of many different things.
   • Is the most abstract science
   • Metaphysical causes of all being
     • Material : What the thing is made of
       • Efficient: That which brings the thing into being
         • Formal: That which makes the thing WHAT it is (idea)
           • Final: That for which the thing is brought into being the purpose/intent

6. Descartes

   • Meditation 1
     • Focuses on the existence of God and the distinction between the mind and the body
       • Discusses God and how one might argue he is supremely good and because of this God would not trick them. He contraversially says this is false.
         • He then blames it on an evil demon who is just as powerful but works to trip people and pays lip service to the orthodox opinions.
     • What can be called into doubt
       • some doubt = all doubt
         • If we can never be certain, how can we claim to know anything?
   • Meditation 2
     • Humans are a thinking thing
       • The imagination can not be trusted
         • Intellect over senses and imagination
       • Cogito ergo sum