PE - Anatomy and Physiology

PE - Anatomy and Physiology

1. Skeletal System and Muscles of the Body

2. Synovial Joints

   • Ball and Socket - Shoulder
   • Saddle - Thumb
   • Hinge - Elbow
   • Gliding - Vertabrea
   • Pivot - Neck
   • Condyloid - Wrist

3. 3 Main Joints

   • Synovial Joints
   • Fibrous (immoveable) Joints
   • Cartilaginous (slightly moveable) Joints

4. Structure of a Synovial Joint

   • Ligament
     • A band of strong fibrous tissue
     • Connects bone to bone
   • Synovial Fluid
     • A slippery fluid - the consistency of egg-whites - that is contained within the joint cavity
     • To reduce friction between the articular cartilage in the joint
   • Articular Cartilage
     • Glassy-smooth cartilage that is spongy and covers the ends of the bones in the joint
     • To absorb shock and prevent friction between the ends of the bones in the joint
   • Joint Capsule
     • A tough fibrous tissue that has two layers, with the fibrous capsule lying outside the synovial membrane
     • The fibrous capsule helps to strengthen the joint, while the synovial membrane lines the joint and secretes synovial fluid
   • Tendon
     • A band of strong fibrous tissue
     • Connects muscle to bone

5. Movement at Synovial Joints

   • Flexion
     • Bending of a limb
   • Extension
     • The straightening of a joint
   • Horizontal Flezion
     • When the shoulder is flexed and the hand comes across the front of the body
   • Horizontal Extension
     • When the shoulder is flexed and the hand moves away from the front of the body
   • Abduction
     • Moving the body part away from the central line
   • Adduction
     • Moving the body part towards the central line
   • Circumduction
     • Moving the entire connecting limb through its full range of motion
   • Pronation
     • The movement of turning the palm over to face downwards
   • Supnation
     • The movement of turning the palm over to face up
   • Dorsiflexion
     • Backward flexion or bending, as of the hand or foot
   • Plantar flexion
     • Extension of the ankle, pointing of the foot or toes
   • Lateral flexion
     • Bending to the side
   • Rotation
     • Movement in which something revolves around a single long axis

6. Antagonistic Pair

   • Occurs when muscles work as a pair to produce a movement
   • One muscle shortens to produce movement whilst the other muscle lengthens to allow that movement
   • E.G. Flexion at the arm, the biceps brachii being the agonist and the triceps brachii being the antagonist

7. Contraction Types

   • Isometric
     • Tension is produced at the muscle, but there is no change in muscle length
   • Isotonic
     • Tension is produced in the muscle and there is a change in muscle length
     • It is broken down into concentric and eccentric
   • Concentric
     • Shortening of the muscle while producing tension
   • Eccentric
     • Lengthening of the muscle while producing tension

8. Health Disorders

   • Osteoporosis
     • Caused by low bone density
     • Bones in hip, spine and wrist joints are most commonly affected
     • More associated with the older generation and women over men
   • Growth Plate Disorders
     • Damage (fractures) to the growth plate within a bone - common as its the weakest part of the growing skeleton
     • Associated with young people as the growth plates are still active
     • Caused by sudden force travelling through the bone
   • Osteoarthritis
     • Wearing down of articular cartilage causing friction within joints
     • Can lead to bone spurs within joints that cause considerable pain
     • Effects large weight bearing joints such as hip and knees
   • Joint Stability
     • Refers to whether a joint is able to be compressed and stretched repeatedly without injury
     • Shallow joints are less stable
     • Weight bearing and deep joints are most stable
     • Ligaments help to promote joint stability
     • Ligaments aren't very elastic though and so can be damaged easily
     • Location and tone of surrounding muscles can effect joint stability
   • Posture and Alignment
     • The bodies use of muscles to maintain good posture
     • Good posture allows you to exercise with maximum efficiency and minimum risk of injury
     • Good posture prevents lower back pain

9. Muscle Fibre Types

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