Psychology Chapter 7

Psychology Chapter 7

1. Various Levels of Processing

   • Shallow Processing
     • What is it?
       • It is structural encoding that emphasizes the physical structure of a stimulus
         • An example is the question "What is the word written in capital letters?"
     • "looks like"
   • Intermediate Processing
     • "Sounds like"
     • What is it?
       • Phonemic encoding is the emphasis of what a word sounds like.
         • An example is the question "What word rhymes with dog?"
   • Deep Processing
     • The meaning
     • What is it?
       • Semantic encoding emphasizes the meaning of verbal inputs
         • An example is reading, and understanding the meaning to a question on a test

2. Short term memory (STM) vs. long term memory (LTM)

   • Short Term Memory
     • What is it?
       • Short term memory is a limited-capacity store that is able to contain unrehearsed information for about 20 seconds
         • What is rehearsed information?
           • Rehearsed information is described as information that has been repeated either verbally or through thought
   • Long Term Memory
     • What is it?
       • Long term memory is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information for long periods of time
         • This information does not have to be rehearsed to be stored
     • Flashbulb memories
       • Flashbulb memories are ones stored in the long term memory that tend to be unusually vivid and detailed
         • Individuals recollecting on flashbulb memories are able to describe everything happening, how they felt, and what they were doing during this time.

3. Working Memory and Sensory Memory

   • Working Memory
     • Much like short term memory, working memory is a limited capacity storage system
       • Working memory temporarily maintains and stores information by providing an interface between memory, action and perception
   • Sensory Memory
     • The sensory memory provides information in its original sensory form
       • This tends to only last for a fraction of a second
     • One of the most commonly seen forms of sensory memory is "afterimage".
       • An afterimage is: the impression of a vivid stimulus that is retained after the stimulus has stopped

4. Implicit vs. Explicit Memory

   • Implicit Memory
     • Apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional memory
       • Amnesia patients do not lose this type of memory. As this includes the skills you've learned and do not need recollection to preform.
         • This includes skills that are "second nature" to an individual
         • Common examples include: Tying shoes, speaking, walking, etc.
         • Amnesia patients are not able to recollect memories they have made
   • Explicit Memory
     • This type of memory involves intentional recollection of previous expiriences
       • This requires remembering the memories, and being able to recollect on what happened during the time.

5. Measures of Forgetting

   • Retention
     • What is it?
       • Retention is the proportion of material of material remembered (retained)
         • An example would be how much information from studying a student remembers while writing a test
   • Recall
     • What is it?
       • Recall is a measure of retention that requires and individual to reproduce information without any cues
         • An example is recalling a phone number
   • Recognition
     • What is it?
       • Recognition is a measure of retention that requires individuals to select information that they previously learned from various options.

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